Dr. Richard J. Mohr was probably the first Jefferson County Physician to use a microscope in his practice. Even he used the instrument more in general microscopy than in his practical daily work. He organized a Microscopical Club in Fairfield and there came to be at this time (1882-1884) eighteen compound microscopes in this small town, probably more than in any other town in Iowa at that time. Dr. Mohr had a corresponding acquaintance with Dr. Robert Koch of Berlin, Germany, and Dr. Koch sent to him a stained specimen of the tubercle bacillus in 1883 which was exhibited at his microscopic Club meeting. Dr. Geeseka of Mt. Pleasant tells me that he first used the microscope in 1888 but only to a limited extent until 1893. Dr. Fair of Mt. Pleasant was probably the first doctor in Iowa to use the microscope in his private practice in 1875. He belonged to the American Microscopical Society as did the writer in 1883. In 1883 there was but one doctor in Jefferson County using the microscope in clinical examinations. Today it is a part of every doctors equipment.

The writer had the privilege as a mere boy (1880) to be a protege of Dr. Richard J. Mohr and he "assisted" him in a number of surgical operations. Dr. Mohr, was a man of extreme neatness and orderely (sic) habits. His army experience had been extensive. His equipment was the best possible for that day. This was, of course, before the days of asepsis and considered in retrospect the healing of Dr. Mohrs operative wounds is a never ending marvel.

As is well remembered the doctor would enter the sitting room of a patients home, spread a clean towel on the center table; open his velvet lined instrument case and take from it the shining knives and scissors and forceps, laying them in neat rows on the towels. Soap and water washed the patients face or limb and the doctors hands. Then, a boy, myself, giving ether the operation was deftly performed without other assistants. Each instrument was then carefully wiped clean and restored to the case. Because of Dr. Mohr's scrupulous neatness and cleanliness his wounds healed rapidly.

On another occasion we visited a patient in the country. There was an intercostal opening discharging pus. In this sinus was a "seton" of fat pork. The dressing consisted of removing the seton and replacing it by another piece of fat about 1-3 inch in diameter and 3 1/2 inches long.

A boy friend of the writer shot himself through the wrist. Dr. Mohr put him to bed for 10 days and kept a weak carbolic solution dropping on the wrist continuously from a suspended conically bottomed can. Great layers of white skin came away from the hand and wrist but there was no inflamation, and the hand was perfectly useful and undeformed today.

(To Be Continued)

"The Fairfield (Ia.) Daily Ledger"
Tuesday, May 1, 1934
Page Eight, Columns 3 and 4

The older citizens of Jefferson County have been able to follow the gradual spread through this western community of hygenic knowledge. The writer, as a drug store clerk, in the seventies sold many nursing bottle tubes. The favorite big tube had a bone disk next to the nipple so that it could not be swallowed. It had a perforated cork and an interbottle glass tube. The bottle could lie beside the baby--did not have to be held by the nurse. The sale of these uncleanable conveniences was coincident with the prevalence of "Cholera infantum." Gradually sanitary nursing bottles have been adopted and all people have learned about sterilization and cleanliness.

It was the custom in Jefferson County in the 1880-1890 decade and before to keep in the stores a bucket of drinking water for the convenience of clerks and customers alike. This water bucket was covered by a board on top of which stood the drinkers cup. The thirsty clerk lifted the bucket cover, dipped the cup in the water and drank, replacing the cup ready for the next user. The writer knows of one instance where a lady clerk in our best store followed in drinking a man who had mucus patches in his mouth. She developed a "chancre" on the lip. This was diagnosed as "Cancer" by her wise women neighbors. Fearing "the knife" the infected woman went to a "cancer specialist" in a nearby town and had a considerable portion of her lip removed by a "Cancer paste." In 1880 in Jefferson county a common drinking cup hung by a chain at the well in every school yard and all children used it. At that time and before fly screens were uncommon and imperfect and flies on the dining table were not looked upon with horror as they are today.

There is little wonder that "typho-malarial" fever was prevalent. A considerable part of a doctors work then was treating typhoid and malarial fevers and the differential diagnosis was then in doubt. Years later it was learned that Nature and not the doctor cured typhoid fever and only recently that the doctor can prevent typhoid fever fro (sic) occuring.

An instance of the prevalent lack of the hygiene sense among the people of the early days is the following:

Dr. Fordyce made a night call in the country and had to stay for several hours. The patient had a severe bronchitis and was using the family skillet for a sputum dish. When time came for breakfast the good wife emptied the skillet and cooked in it her "bacon and eggs." Dr. Fordyce who saw the preparations for the meal lost his appetite; remembered an urgent appointment and left the family alone for their food.

(To Be Continued)

"The Fairfield (Ia.) Daily Ledger"
Tuesday, May 8, 1934
Page FOURTEEN, Columns 5 and 6

At some unknown date in Jefferson county a medical society was organized but its records were lost and its early history is unknown, except for one resolution that it passed. On January 20th, 1885 the Jefferson county medical society passed unanimously resolutions favoring the legal regulation of medical practice in the state of Iowa. The delegates to the Iowa State Medical Society were directed to urge the General Assembly to pass such legislation. A circular asking cooperation, was ordered sent to all county medical societies of Iowa.

This was possibly the beginning in Iowa of an effort to regulate the practice of medicine?

In 1890 the practice of medicine in Jefferson county was becoming modern. Lister's principles were being adopted in surgery and medication was becoming more rational. Rarely was a patient bled but the diet of typhoid fever patients was so limited that on recovery the patient had extreme emanciation (sic). Malaria was comparatively rare but diptheria (sic) was frequent and much dreaded. Dr. Calvin Snook Dr. J. V. Bean, Dr. D. H. Worthington of the regular school and Dr. Eugene Campbell Homeopathist in Fairfield and Dr. W. Fordyce in Glasgow were the leading doctors. They were all well educated men and did good work. Most of the major surgical operations were one (sic - done) by surgeons imported from the large medical centers or the patients were sent to Chicago for operations.

The Jefferson county medical society was "reorganized" on July 10th 1903. It has been impossible to find any society records prior to this date. The following notes represent all the important meetings and action taken by this society for the following years as shown by a careful study of the minutes. During 1903 about seven members were present at the meetings. In 1904 only one meeting was held; that of December to elect officers. In December 1905 it was decided by resolution to withdraw all professional cards from the newspapers and for doctors not to allow their names to be mentioned in connection with accident cases. April 1906 the question of raising the fees for a city call from $1.00 to $1.50 was discussed. The general sentiment, led by Dr. Fordyce, was against such an increase of fees.

Doctor's fees for a city call were 50c until after the civil war. From 1889 to 1910 they were $1.00. From 1910 to 1919 the fee was $1.50, after 1919 it was raised to $2.00. In the early days the maximum fee for a country call was $3.00. Since 1889 the milage was supposed to be 50c a mie (sic) one way. Often this was not charged.

(To Be Continued)

"The Fairfield (Ia.) Daily Ledger"
Thursday, May 10, 1934
Page THREE, Columns 3 and 4

Not until 1908 was there held a meeting of any size of the Jefferson county, Medical Society. Then there were eleven doctors present and there was a printed program. In April 1909 it was decided to hold semi-annual meetings. April 14th, 1910 the county medical society adopted a resolution favoring a national department of health with a cabinet officer and copies of the resolution were sent to the Iowa Senators and representatives. The doctors were informed by the society that the State Board of Health furnished diphtheria anti-toxin to the druggists for free use. Dec. 9, 1910 it was resolved to hold a meeting with the dentists concerning a hospital. Jan. 10, 1911 a meeting was held and Dr. Boice of Washington reported on his county hospital campaign in Washington. Dr. J. Fred Clarke was appointed to have full charge of the campaign for Jefferson county.

On March 3rd, 1911 quarterly meetings were considered. These for the next year were held in the smaller towns of the county. These meetings during 1912 were held with Dr. S. K. Davis at Libertyville, Dr. Bishop at Glasgow, Dr. Sherlock in Lockridge and Dr. Stephenson at Libertyville. The doctors wives were taken to these meetings. The most interesting note in the minutes of each meeting seems to be that there was "An excellent fried chicken supper." The meetings of the county medical society were in the main social or business meetings. At times papers were read on medical or surgical subjects but the scientific work of this society throughout these years was negligible.

The Jefferson County Hospital was at that date established and the first "Advisory Committee" to the Hospital board as noted by the secretary's minutes was: Dr. J. Fred Clarke, Dr. J. V. Bean, Dr. L. D. James. Feb. 28, 1913 a resolution was passed to care for the county poor free in the hospital--each doctor to serve in turn.

During 1913 and after clinics were held in the county hospital by Dr. C. P. Howard of the State University and others. Doctors of nearby towns were invited to read papers and at the County Chautauqua assemblies, picnics were held by the county Medical Society. Dr. L. D. James was the secretary of the County Medical society at this time and to his initiative was due the activities of the society. No other doctor, in the memory of the writer, had so continuously stood for good society work. In spite of Dr James labors a general inertia defeated his efforts and until a much later date the County Medical Society meetings were not of great value.

(To Be Continued)

"The Fairfield (Ia.) Daily Ledger"
Wednesday, May 16, 1934
Page THREE, Columns 2 and 3

July 27, 1871, Dr. Shaffer said in his diary "Oh that I had a good nurse." Many, many times every doctor has felt like making a similar exclamation. It is a secret known to the intelligent few that in serious illness good nursing is often of more importance than the doctor's pills and potions.

In the early days of this medical history the doctor himself did much of the nursing. The early doctors would stay for hours with their patients, give enemas, or baths and applying blisters and poultices. Between these calls of the doctor members of the invalid's family and neighbors did the nursing. It was true then that a case of typhoid fever incapacitated not only the patient but exhausted a whole family or a whole neighborhood. This neighborly help in time of illness among the early settlers of Jefferson County was one of of (sic) the beautiful things of this pioneer life. Not that such practices were limited to the pioneer days for all through the years this neighborly kindness during suffering and illness has been manifest in Jefferson County. However warm the heart and however self sacrificing the services of relatives and neighbors during illness, nursing is such an art and science that nurses need to be trained. Before the days of typhoid vaccine, a man of Fairfield took a friend, who was suffering with typhoid fever, who was without family, into his home and cared for him. Three members of this helping neighbors family acquired typhoid fever and one died. The original patient recovered. Such tragedies through neighborly helpfulness were not uncommon. More frequently the unskilled nurses with the kindest of intentions used irrational procedures which hastened the death of the patient.

Later in our history from 1870 on to today unemployed women were hired as nurses. They are called now "practical "nurses in contra-distinction to "Graduate" or "trained" or "Regestered" nurses. Splendid, conscientious, self sacrificing women, were many of the "practial" nurses but they, in serious illness could not do all that the patient's best interessts (sic) required. "Oh that I had a good nurse" was often the doctor's thought.

The first graduate, "trained" nurse was brought from Philadelphia to Jefferson county in May 1892; thirty-two years after the founding of Florence Nightengale's school. This nurse, Miss Eva Mullen, came to care for a patient who was taking the famed Wier Mitchell "Rest Cure." Since that date the number of educated nurses has increased steadily and finally the Jefferson county hospital began graduating nurses in 1915. Now the number of regestered nurses available is in excess of the demand.

For her to help the doctors of this county when trained nurses were few, should be specially mentioned Miss Elizabeth Heaton. She was an educated nurse from the hospital at Galesburg, Illinois. She understood antisepsis thoroughly and was unsparing of herself in the care of the sick. She finally made her small house into a hospital for the care of surgical cases.

(To Be Continued)

Journal of Iowa State Medical Society
Vol. XXV, No. 6 (June, 1935)
Pages 323 and 324
(Note: The numbers in superscript refer to the listing of doctors.)

In 1898 came the war with Spain. Jefferson county furnished a company of soldiers in which was J. S. Gaumer, afterward a Jefferson county doctor.⁶⁶ The only physician from the county going to this war was James Frederic Clarke,³⁰ Major Surgeon of the 49th Infantry. In the Florida camp Dr. Clarke was detached from his regiment and made head of the medical side of the second division hospital of the Seventh Army Corps, located in Jacksonville, Florida. This division hospital with a capacity of 700 beds was soon filled with typhoid fever cases. Dr. Clarke, long convinced of the value of trained women nurses, requested them for this army field hospital. This request shocked the regular army surgeon in command and he refused to consider "bringing women into the field," saying "A boy's comrades are his best nurses." Over the head of the Corps Surgeon, Dr. Clarke appealed to the governor of Iowa, Leslie M. Shaw. The governor persuaded Secretary of War Alger to allow him to send nurses to Jacksonville. Thus twenty-five women nurses were sent to the field hospital and were accepted by General Lee. These nurses proved such a success that the policy of employing women nurses in such position was adopted by the army of the United States, and a Jefferson county volunteer doctor shares with Governor Shaw the credit of introducing female nurses into other than base hospitals of the army. Such a claim is confirmed by recent correspondence with the surgeon-general's office. In the World War this practice was universal. Female nurses were sent with shock teams even to advanced dressing stations. For this presumptive act, in sending his request for nurses over the head of the corps surgeon, Dr. Clarke was detached from the division hospital and sent back to his regiment, but a lieutenant nephew of the corps commander presented the facts to General Fitshugh Lee, and Dr. Clarke was soon restored to his former position in the division hospital, and later given command of a convalescent hospital at the seashore. A simple instance of the revolution made by the women nurses in the care of the sick was the demand for a comb by one on the day of their arrival. On this first day, a nurse came to the writer and asked for a comb to care for the sick men's hair. On search it was found that such an implement had not been used by a "comrade nurse" since the establishment of the hospital. This is a slight intimation of the transformation accomplished by these women nurses. To the many other good characteristics of Governor Shaw should be added his constant solicitude for the Iowa soldiers in the Spanish War. In this war, though the bullets injured few, the house fly killed many by spreading typhoid bacilli over the soldier's food. Studies in these Florida camps developed the indictment of Musca domestica; the most dangerous animal, next to the mosquito, in the world.

Although Lister taught antiseptic surgery in 1867 it was nearly twenty years before anitsepsis was used in the surgical operations in Jefferson county, and then a simple appendectomy was considered by the laity a serious procedure. In 1890 Dr. J. Fred Clarke, than an interne (sic) in the Philadelphia Hospital, transferred a patient from the medical ward to Dr. John B. Deaver's surgical services with the diagnosis "appendicitis." The next morning he met the doctor in a hospital corridor and Dr. Deaver said to him: "How did you know that case was appendicitis?" At that date "typhlitis," "peri" and "paratyphlitis" were much more common diagnoses, and that a mere interne should make a correct differential diagnosis was surprising. It was no more surprising to the surgeon than to the interne himself, who had chosen at random this one from four possible names. The writer believes that he performed the first appendectomy in Jefferson county in 1891. It is continuously surprising to read the notes of the early doctors and to discover how few surgical operations of any kind were done in Jefferson county before 1890. The people dreaded "the knife." The education of the laity to the fact that an operation gave less risk than allowing an appendix to rupture; that operations could be done without the production of "laudable pus" required years of labor. For his part in this education the writer was called a "butcher" and various like names.

The army death rate during the Civil War of 97 percent for blood poisoning and 89 per cent for tetanus was repeated in Jefferson county until long after the Civil War. Tetanus antitoxin was novel and not kept in drug stores in 1900. The writer remembers having telephoned to Chicago in 1900 for tetanus antitoxin for his first case of lockjaw and of losing his patient because the material was delayed in arrival. Antitoxin had probably been used here before that date but was not commonly used. There was much hesitation about giving antitoxin because one sudden death in Fairfield from diphtheria paralysis followed immediately upon giving a hypodermic dose of diphtheria antitoxin. This occurrence prejudiced the whole community. Antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus, although available in 1890, were not in general use in Jefferson county in 1900. It will be noted that after 1900 the advances in medical science were much more quickly introduced into Jefferson county than the improvements of the earlier dates. This was because of a world wide change in the profession. Laboratory and statistical investigations were everywhere replacing the older methods of following precedent theoretically. Science was displacing metaphysics. In 1930 the doctors of Fairfield donated their services, the women's club paid for the materials and all school children were given anti-toxin for diphtheria immunization. This was repeated each year and diphtheria in Fairfield was abolished. In 1934 school children were given the tuberculin test for tuberculosis in the six upper grades of the schools.

After years of ineffectual effort to have a local hospital the Jefferson County Hospital was built under the new Iowa county hospital law. Stimulated by the address of Dr. Boice of Washington at a county medical society meeting, as already mentioned, Dr. J. Fred Clarke was appointed early in 1912, a committee of one, to take charge of a campaign to carry a special election to sell bonds to build a hospital. Each local doctor was given $100 to create a fund for this campaign. Credit for local impetus given in the launching of this campaign is due Dr. L. D. James.⁹³ Coming to Fairfield in 1908 fresh from an internship in an excellent hospital he was full of enthusiasm, and renewed Dr. Clarke's hopes and efforts of twenty years to build a hospital. Dr. C. A. Boice of Washington furnished many ideas and much encouragement for this campaign. He had, in Washington county, built the first Iowa County Hospital under the "Munger" law because Dr. E. E. Munger of Spencer succeeded in getting it through the Iowa legislature.

Dr. Clarke obtained the permission of J. W. Dole, chairman of the Democratic County committee; J. S. McKemey, leading "stand pat" republican, and Dillon Turney, the leading "progressive" in the county, to sign their names to all campaign material issued. By spending $700 of his own money, besides that contributed by some of the other doctors, Dr. Clarke began an active educational campaign which was successful in carrying the project at the polls; and $25,000 of bonds were voted to build a hospital. This was the first time in the world (excepting in Washington, Iowa), when a rural people voted a tax on themselves to build a hospital. In every precinct outside of Fairfield the proposition lost by a small majority. Fairfield's preponderant majority carried the election.

This $25,000 was used to erect the building. It was furnished and equipped by private donations. One of the chief of these donations was the furnishing of the operating room by the widow of Dr. Richard J. Mohr, then living in Pasadena, California, in memory of Dr. Mohr. Many citizens of Fairfield made liberal contributions to the hospital equipment, the result of which was that the people of Jefferson county acquired a $50,000 hospital for the $25,000 tax.

The first president of the hospital board was Mr. E. D. Y. Culbertson and the first secretary Mr. Dillon Turney. They served in this capacity for years and with Mr. Lucian Marcy, Mr. Charles W. Wade, Mr. John Fritz and Mr. Thomas Ross, made an efficient governing body. Miss Amy Beers, assistant superintendent of the Hackley Hospital of Muskegon, Michigan, was chosen as superintendent of the hospital and served for years.

It was at this time, in 1912, that Jefferson county surgeons first began to wear rubber gloves during operations. A revealing incident of this time (1914) illustrates the danger of poorly educated men being allowed to operate in rural hospitals. The operating room nurse in the Jefferson county hospital threw away one of the two pairs of rubber gloves owned by one of the surgeons, because they were full of holes. The doctor reprimanded this nurse for her wastefulness, saying: "Those were my obstetric gloves." Again we may remark; better a clean midwife than a surgeon with tattered gloves.

the Jefferson County Hospital, dedicated September 17, 1912, and opened October 2, 1912, became an efficient institution, with a training school for nurses. It developed a considerable reputation, and inquiries came from many states and Canadian provinces concerning this Iowa county hospital plan. The superintendent of this small hospital was twice elected president of the Iowa Nurses' Association, and served on the Board of the State Examiners of Nurses for several years. Miss Beers, prominent in state and national nursing circles, added to the distinction of this hospital. It was not long until farmers who had voted against the hospital changed their minds, and approved the local hospital idea.

(To be continued)

Journal of Iowa State Medical Society
Vol. XXV, No. 7 (July, 1935)
Pages 423 and 424
(Note: The numbers in superscript refer to the listing of doctors.)

The first fourteen months of this hospital's existence it had 296 patients. There were 26 births. The total days of patients' treatment were 4,300. There were 181 surgical operations. During the twelve months of 1913 the income paid 79.70 per cent of the expenses for that year, which were $9,140.00; so that in the first year, with the people still to be educated to the use of the hospital, the excess of the expenditure over the income was only $1,170.00. This was paid by county tax as provided in the hospital law. In the opinion of the writer, after these first fourteen months, the citizens of the county were so pleased with the hospital that they would not have given it up under any considerations. There is no doubt that many lives have been saved by emergency operations through the years of the existence of this hospital. On the other hand the hospital furnished opportunities for unskilled performances of unnecessary operations. It has been impossible to prevent this abuse in an institution supported by public taxation and without a controlled staff. Attempts to have the surgical work in this hospital checked by the pathologist of the State Univesrsity have as yet been ineffectual. There is no doubt in the minds of the best thinkers that rural hospitals are essential to each community. A great desideratum is, however, that some system may be devised to check and control the surgery of unskilled and commercially minded operators who prey on the people.

Not until July 1, 1928, did this hospital have a technician and blood counts became common. The first technician regularly employed in the hospital was Miss Minerva Peters. The first regular staff meetings of the hospital doctors began January 12, 1931, and continued to September 26, 1932. These were again revived in October, 1934, and are to be held monthly if present plans prevail.

In all records before, during and following the Civil War in Jefferson County there was little operative surgery. In many of the operations of that period there was "laudable pus." Though Lister taught antisepsis in England in 1867 it was more than twenty years before his principles were used in common practice in Jefferson County, Iowa. It was usual in 1890 and for some years later to send surgical patients to cities, or have a city surgeon brought to Jefferson County for the opeartions. Dr. Calvin Snook was the leading local surgeon at that time and did excellent, careful work. Excepting Dr. J. V. Bean, few of the other doctors did other than minor surgery.

Taking blood pressure as a routine measure in practice was not common in Fairfield until 1911. On August 17, 1911, Dr. William S. Sadler, of Chicago, lectured at the Fairfield Chautauqua and took the blook pressure of several from the audience. This awakened the public interest in the subject and the Jefferson County doctors were compelled to equip themselves with machines for making studies in blood pressure. In the following years this became a routine procedure.

The automobile is now an essential item to the doctor. In the beginning of our century many doctors came to Jefferson County in wagons drawn by oxen. In the early practice they rode horseback with saddle bags across the saddle. We illustrate the saddle bags carried by Dr. P. N. Woods in 1864 and after. The saddle bags contained bottles, almost all of which were filled with liquid medicines. There were no tablets and no capsules as we have today. After roads were made the doctor used a sulky--a two-wheeled buggy, drawn by one or two horses. Several of the doctors thought much of their horses. Dr. Huey had a driver and a fine team. He was probably the most patrician physician who ever lived in Jefferson County. Accustomed to servants he never himself did any manual labor. Judge Leggett said, "Dr. Huey was the most cultured gentleman that I ever met." Dr. Stever, a lover of horses, drove a high stepping team. Dr. Fordyce's beautiful mare, that had served him well for many years, was so famed that she had a long death notice in the papers when she died.

Finally came the automobile and Dr. J. Fred Clarke had the first automobile brought into Jefferson County in 1903. Dr. Clarke then began the education of the horses of the county to a tolerance for these new machines. He had to stop beside the road and help lead by nearly all the teams he met. The language used by the farmers as they passed on their way will not be recorded here. Many a "run-away" resulted in spite of the care exercised and it was probably "bad business" to introduce the new invention; but Mr. Ford came to the rescue, everybody bought automobiles and roads were built; but not until 1927.

The coming of the World War disturbed the directors of Jefferson County as it did all people in the country and in the world. General Jefferson R. Kean, of the Army Medical Corps, was assigned to organize Red Cross hospital units for the United States Army. Dr. J. Fred Clarke had served under General Kean in the war with Spain and Dr. Clarke was asked to organized a medical unit for this war. The outcome was the organization of Hospital Unit R at Fairfield consisting of twelve medical officers, twenty-five nurses and fifty enlisted men. Major J. Fred Clarke, Captain L. D. James⁹³ and Captain Roy McGuire¹¹⁶ were the doctors from Fairfield in Unit R. These were joined by nine other doctors from nearby towns. On the return from the services, Dr. I. N. Crow⁴⁰ of Unit R located in Fairfield. Dr. S. K. Davis⁴⁵ of Libertyville was desired in the unit but he failed to pass the physical examination in Des Moines and was refused a commission, much to the regret of the commander and his associates. Dr. J. S. Gaumer⁶⁶ had served in the Medical Corps on the Mexican Border before the World War, was retired because of physical disability, and because of this disability was refused a commission in Unit R. Hospital Unit R served sixteen months in France and the doctors from Jefferson County made an excellent though not notable record. Each was promoted. Drs. James and Mcguire returned as majors, and Dr. Clarke as a lieutenant colonel. Dr. Crow became a captain in France and was the only one to receive a wound medal. Other Jefferson County doctors in the army during the World War were Dr. E. G. Myrick¹³⁴, lieutenant, served in Kansas, and Dr. J. H. Baldridge⁶, lieutenant, with service in the Philippine Islands. Dr. W. Fordyce gave a valuable service as a recruiting officer on the draft board. His sterling honesty adapted him well for this difficult position. Dr. James K. Stepp¹⁷⁶, who had been a hospital steward in the regular army from 1912 to 1915, rendered valuable services in examining the privates for Unit R enlistment. All Unit R men and women were volunteers. Dr. F. F. Winsell²⁰¹, afterward in Fairfield, was a commissioned captain in the Army Medical Corps and served in this country.

Since the World War the practice of medicine has continued to advance--discoveries like insulin have been quickly adopted. Medicine here today is probably like that of every community in the United States. The public prints keep the intelligent people well posted, and doctors must give the most advanced service.

To Dr. Clarke's History of Medicine in Jefferson county, Iowa. Figures in parentheses are years of practice or residence in Jefferson county.

The doctors who have practiced medicine in Jefferson county from 1835 to 1934 include:

1. Allen, E. C.; (1908). Practiced in Fairfield in 1908. No data.

2. Aylesworth, William H.; (1895-1896). Came from and went back to California. Failed in practice and worked in the Louden factory.

3. Bailey, C. W.; (1899-1931). Born in Iowa in 1871. Read medicine with Dr. Norris of Birmingham. Graduated, Keokuk Medical College, 1897. Practiced in Pleasant Plain. Was councilman and mayor of his town. Had a friendly disposition. Strongly opposed the building of the Jefferson County Hospital. Died October 10, 1931.

4. Baker, Charles H.; (1881-1884?). Practiced in Fairfield for several years. No data can be found. Was an educated gentleman and taught Hygiene in Parsons College while a resident here during the years 1882-1884.

5. Baldridge, Milton D.; (1857-1907). Born in Ohio in 1826. Father was a doctor. Graduated in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1826. Practiced in Batavia. Son is a doctor practicing in Batavia. Died in Batavia in 1907.

6. Baldridge, John H.; (1904-1917; 1930 to this date). Born in Batavia, Iowa, in 1878. Attended schools and academy, Quincy, Illinois. Graduated Keokuk Medical College, 1904. Postgraduate work in Chicago. Practiced in Batavia 1904 to 1917 then entered Army Medical Corps. After duty at several army posts was stationed in Philippine Islands and China three and one-half years. Was discharged from army (resigned) in 1920. In charge of Industrial Hospital for the Insular Lumber Company at Fabrica, Occidental Negroes, 1920 to 1925. Went to Singapore, east and north coast of Africa, Egypt, Algiers. Returned to his Iowa home and again went to the far east for five years, in the same hospital. Spent one and one-half years at sea of the thirteen years away from Batavia, making two complete and four trips one-half way around the world. Since October, 1930, has been practicing in Batavia. Is certainly the most traveled Jefferson county doctor.

7. Barney, A. F.; Practiced in Jefferson county in 1884. No data.

8. Bartow, G. P.; (1862-1885). The first doctor to reside in Blackhawk township at Baker post office. Born in Ohio, 1837. Graduated, 1858, Cincinnati Medical Institute. Owned and managed a farm of 396 acres. Served in Company A, 36th Iowa Infantry in Civil War. Discharged in 1864. Read medicine and practiced, before taking a course of lectures, with Dr. S. K. Tracey. Helped write "The Centennial History of Jefferson County". Wife was "Aunt Susie" to the whole community, "a splendid lovable woman and helpmate". Was killed in a duel. Was kind to his patients and accepted anything in payment for his services. Was a man of great courage and strong convictions.

9. Bean, John Victor: (1887-1919). Was born in Pennsylvania in 1842. Graduated from the Bellevue Medical College in New York in 1868. After graduating from the Academy at Conneaut, Ohio, read medicine with Dr. A. K. Fifield. Served as contract surgeon in the United States Army at Fort Stephenson, Fort Buford, Fort Shelly, and Fort Randall, all in Dakota territory. After practicing at Moulton and Burlington, Iowa, came to Fairfield in 1887. A man of good education, beloved to national, state and local medical societies and for fifteen years lectured on Hygiene in Parsons College. Was health officer in Fairfield and his enforcement of health laws was notable; spared no violator. Was a man of strong integrity. Stood for a rigid code of professional ethics as noted in the preceding history. Was an educated, Christian gentleman and an excellent citizen. In his early professional life published a volume of "Family Medicine" which he later regretted. Was not a brilliant surgeon. His colleagues resented at times his criticism of what he considered their ethical waywardness but they knew him to be honest and steadfast to his trust.

10. Beard: Practiced at Lockridge for a short time about 1920. In an attepent to board a moving train he fell under the wheels and both legs were mangled. Died after a double amputation in the Burlington Hospital.

11. Billingsley, J. S.: (1883-1885). Born in Glasgow, Jefferson county, in 1856. Graduated from Rush Medical College in 1883. Began practice in Glasgow in 1883 and in 1885 moved to Belleville, Kansas. Died in 1917, greatly respected by all who knew him.

12. Bishop, Carl S.: (1884 to this date). Born on a farm in Jefferson county, October 21, 1864. Graduated from Parson College in 1888 and from the Keokuk Medical College in 1894. Studied medicine with Dr. David Stever in Fairfield. Began practice in Glasgow in 1894 and has since been in active practice in the same location. With a natural adaptation to his profession and an an excellent education Dr. Bishop has been unusually successful. In his early years of practice he lived through the hardships of pioneer days, walking many miles on his professional calls, when the roads were impassable for his horses. At one time he was five hours going five miles because of drifts of snow.

13. Bissel: (1865?). Practiced in Fairfield in 1865. No data.

14. Black. Practiced in Batavia. The only fact known is that he committed suicide.

15. Blackmer, George M.: (1884?) Practiced in Batavia about 1884. Moved to New York. No data.

16. Blair, George H.: (1871-1884). Born in New York in 1830. Graduated from the Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College in 1851. Served as surgeon in the United States Marine Hospital in Cleveland and was professor of theory and practice of medicine in the Women's College of Cleveland. Was President of the Iowa State Homeopathic Society in 1874 and for a time was the examiner of the Homeopathic Medical School of the University of Iowa. Was one of the few homeopaths who have had a large practice in Jefferson County.

17. Boets, George: Practiced at the Baker post office. No data. Vague reports show no excellence of education or work.

18. Bonnell, F. S.: (1915 to this date). Born in Iowa in 1884. Educated in the public schools. Worked in stores, in a photograph gallery, for railroads. "Roamed" Mexico and Texas "riding the rods". After a course in the Dallas Medical College he worked in a drug store, then two years in St. Louis College of Pharmacy, with night courses in Brown College in 1913. Was an interne in the Methodist Hospital, Des Moines, Iowa, for one year, thence to Ottumwa and then to Fairfield in 1915, where he has practiced as a specialist in diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat. Perhaps no doctor of the county has had such varied experience in his pre-medical career. Hobby is building and renting business houses. Perhaps it is fair to say that with him the practice of medicine is an avocation. His vocation is building and improving business properties to the amazement of his colleagues who themselves feel unable to finance any such projects.

19. Boyer, Edward: (1840) Practiced in Jefferson County in 1840. Dirst doctor in Des Moines township. No data.

20. Bradshaw, A. C. D.: (1879-1905) Born in Jefferson County, 1846. Graduated at the University of Michigan in 1897. Had one year of postgraduate study at Rush Medical College, 1879. Practiced in Salina and in 1879 moved to Fairfield. Owned a drug store with R. H. Hufford as a partner, and later was with Louis Thoma for twenty-five years. Was known in Fairfield as a druggist and as president of the Fairfield Furniture Company. Was an active business man and in later years did not practice medicine. Died in 1905.

21. Bradshaw, Joel Benjamin: (1872-1876?). Brother of Dr. A. C. D. Bradshaw. Born in Jefferson County, 1850. Graduated from Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1872. Practiced at Salina a few years, and then located at Stiles, Iowa, where he died in 1884.

22. Brooks, S. H.: Practiced at Lockridge. No data.

23. Campbell, Eugene: (1878-1893). Born in Fairfield, Iowa, 1856. High school graduate, two years in academy. Read medicine with Dr. Joel King. Graduate, New Hork Homeopathic Medical School, 1878. Practiced in Batavia, 1878-1879; then in Fairfield to 1893, with one year's absence. Moved to Los Angeles in 1893, and has since practiced there. Took postgraduate work in London and New York City. Was a member of the American Institute of Homeopathy. Lectured on pharmacology in the Homeopathic Medical School of the University of Iowa. Was a commissioner of insanity for Jefferson County and was on the United States Pension Board for some time. An educated gentleman highly respected. He had a large practice in Fairfield.

24. Campbell, S. M.: (1881-1882). Born in Fairfield, Iowa, in 1853. Graduated at the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College in 1881. Practiced in Batavia and in Fairfield for a year and then moved to Omaha, Nebraska, where he died.

25. Carpenter, Marcellus C.: (1885-1925). Born near Ottumwa, Iowa, in 1857. An Iowa Wesleyan College graduate. Graduated from Rush Medical College in 1885. Practiced in Fairfield from 1885 until his death in 1925. Was a quiet unassuming man who kept the even tenor of his way undisturbed by the events of the world. Was honest and respected by all. Served long and well on the Pension Board but other than this, his energies were given entirely to his patients.

26. Carter, C. W.: (1904). No data. Practiced in Lockridge. Lived in Jefferson County but a short time.

27. Castle, Curtis H.: (1878-1881). Born in Illinois in 1848. Graduated from Northwestern University Medical School in 1872. Post graduate work in Keokuk, Iowa, 1876-77. Practiced at Merrimac. Was much interested in socialism. Went to Merced, California, in 1888.

28. Childress, Moses: (1898-1902). Born in Iowa in 1870. He was a druggist several years. Studied medicine and graduated from the Louisville Medical College in 1897, and from the Barnes Medical College of St. Louis in 1898. Began practice in Packwood and moved to Oskaloosa, Iowa, in 1902, where he is still in successful practice.

29. Clarke, Charles Shipman: (1843-1882). Born in Marietta, Ohio, 1814. Studied medicine in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1835, and after active practice in Kentucky, took another course in Cincinnati, graduating in 1843. Came to Mt. Pleasant in 1843, his practice extending into Jefferson County. Moved to Fairfield in 1857, where he conducted a drug store and practiced until his death in 1882. Was the medical member of a commission appointed by Governor Grimes to study eastern institutions and establish the first insane hospital for Iowa. The hospital was located in Mt. Pleasant in 1885. Had an excellent general education, was an omnivorous raeder, had a wide acquaintance among the intellectual people throughout the United States and his Fairfield home was the center of the intellectual life of the community. Here met the Emerson Club and other study groups. A strong believer in absolute prohibition; he never sold alcohol in his drug store. About the coal stove in Dr. Clarke's drug store was the assembly place for a group of the intellectual leaders of Fairfield. Such a group of men discussing the abolition of slavery, the reconstruction of the country, Emerson's Essays, Bryants' Thanatopsis, the founding of the first public library in Iowa, the location of railroads in Fairfield--these were the topics of conversation. Such a forum, such an outstanding group of men, no longer exists in this county. Dr. Charles Clarke's life of twenty-five years in Jefferson County was that of an ideal citizen. A learned consultant for physicians; a business man of the highest ethical principles, refusing to profit by the sale of liquors or anything which might injure his customers; a leader in every movement for the advancement of the community. He was prompt in meeting every personal obligation. He gave freely to the poor. He was the first president of the school baord. His faith in mankind made him a firm believer in Universal salvation at a time when it was orthodox to people heaven with a select few. The writer never has heard any criticism of the character of this exemplary man.

(To be continued)

Journal of Iowa State Medical Society
Vol. XXV, No. 9 (September, 1935)
Pages 516 - 518

Addendum--No. 18. Bonnell, F. S. Frank Sumner Bonnell attended four full sessions in the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, and received the doctor of medicine degree on June 7, 1913.

30. Clarke, James Frederic: (1889 to this date). Born in Fairfield, 1864. Attended Parsons College. Graduated B.S., University of Iowa, 1886; M.A. University of Iowa 1889. Graduated from the Medical College of the University of Pennsylvania in 1889; two years an interne in the Philadelphia General Hospital. Postgraduate work in John Hopkins University and University of Gottingen, Germany, and several seasons at the New York Post Graduate School. Dr. Clarke entered the Spanish War as major and surgeon of the 49th Iowa Infantry. Detached service in charge of medical wards of the Second Division Hospital of the Seventh Army Corps in Florida and Cuba. While in Florida Dr. Clarke obtained the first emplyment of trained female nurses in the United States Army in field hospitals. Dr. Clarke organized Unit R for the World War and served as major and lieutenant colonel in Farance in Base Hospital No. 32, at Contrexeville and Red Cross Hospital No. 5 in Paris, both of which hospitals he commanded in the final weeks of this service. Was lecturer of Hygiene in the State University of Iowa, Colleges of Medicine and Dentistry. Also lectured in Parsons College. Dr. Clarke was in the main responsible for the building of the Jefferson County Hospital in Fairfield. Served as mayor of Fairfield and represented this county in the General Assembly 1906-1907. Has twice been vice president of the Des Moines Valley Medical Association, and the Southeastern Iowa Medical Society. Is a fellow of the American College of Surgeons, of the Iowa Academy of Science, and the American Medical Association. Made the first x-ray pictures in Jefferson County; did the first appendectomy and introduced organotherapy in the county by developing infantile myxedema by thyroid feeding in 1901. Was for thirty years local surgeon of the C. B. & Q. and of the C. R. I. & P. companies. He was the first president of the Iowa Assembly of the Agassiz Societies and the founder of the first golf club in Iowa; the founder and three years President of the Fairfield Rotary Club. His fad is the studying of fungi.

31. Clement, Harold Eugene: (1891-1908). Born in Wisconsin in 1853, educated at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee. Began his medical studies at the Vanderbilt University and completed them at Keokuk College in 1884. Practiced in Richland and Trenton, Iowa, coming to Glasgow in 1891. In 1908, because of ill health was forced to move to Texas. Tried to retire from practice in Sinton, Texas, but was continuously consulted and gave freely of his advice. Died in 1912 in his fifty-ninth year. The writer remembers Dr. Clement as a genial, likable, well educated man who came to an untimely death through the hardships and exposure of a country medical practice.

32. Cole, D. B.: (1849?). Practiced in Fairfield about 1849. Was associated with Dr. N. Steele and was a druggist or chemist. No data. Moved to Des Moines in 1851.

33. Collins: (1854 ?-65?). No data. Practiced in Libertyville. Mentioned frequently in Dr. Shaffer's diary.

34. Conner, Warren Hamilton: (1895-1929). Born in New York, 1855. Graduated Iowa State University College of Homeopathy 1893. Practiced in Fairfield 1895 to 1929. Moved to California in 1929 where he now lives retired.

35. Conrad, Albert Everett: (1897-98). Born in Iowa in 1869. Graduated at the Hahnemann College, Chicago, 1895. Practiced in Pleasant Plain. No data. Died in Decorah, Iowa, 1929.

36. Converse, C. V.: (1887?). No data. Practiced at Libertyville for two years. Lived at Hillsboro, Van Buren county, before and after his Libertyville residence. Died in Hillsboro. Was a graduate in medicine and was well read.

37. Cook: No data. Mentioned April 10, 1865, as a consultant in Fairfield by Dr. J. M. Shaffer.

38. Cook, K. G.: (1929 to this date). Born in Illinois in 1901. He graduated from the Carthage, Illinois, College; took the degree M.S. at the University of Illinois in 1924; graduated from Rush Medical College 1928, and was an interne in the Illinois Central Hospital, Chicago, for the year 1928-29. Began practice in Fairfield in 1929.

39. Cottle, William Wallace: (1846-1880). Born in Ohio, in 1817. Of English-Quaker ancestry. Lived on a farm, later learned the carpenter trade and when twenty-one studied medicine two years with Dr. Benjamin Kester and practiced in Ohio five years. Came to Glasgow in 1846. During 1847-48 took medical lectures in the Missouri University and graduated. Returned to Glasgow and practiced twenty years. Represented Jefferson County in the state legislature 1860-61. Retired in 1868 and devoted himself to business and banking in Iowa and Missouri. Located in Fairfield in 1877 and lived here until his death in 1880. Dr. Cottle, erect, six feet tall, weighing two hundred pounds, was quiet and reserved. Had a deep sense of justice, honesty and honor. Was public spirited and generous in private and public affairs. Was held in high esteem by all who knew him.

40. Crow, Ira N.: (1921 to this date). Born in Iowa in 1881. He took two years premedical work at Iowa City Academy. Graduated from College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 1908. Member of faculty in this college 1905 to 1914. Took his master's degree in 1914. Postgraduate work at Harvard 1910. with Hospital Unit R in France as lieutenant and captain in Medical Corps, United States Army. Detached service regimental surgeon 168th Infantry of 42nd Division. Wounded in action, June, 1918. In evacuation hospital and Base Hospital No. 32, Contrexeville. Had graduate work in New York City after his discharge and came to Fairfield in 1921. With his fine education and experience Dr. Crow has received many medical honors. He is a fellow of the American College of Surgeons; secretary of the local medical society for six years; chariman of the Section of Ophthalmology and Otology, State Medical Society, 1925; Chariman, Committee on Nurses Training 1903-31-32; Secretary of the Southeastern Iowa Medical Society, 1933; President of the Tri-County Medical Society in 1934. Active, progressive, always a student. Dr. Crow is taking a prominent place in his profession. He has no avocation, but devotes all his time to his professional labors.

41. Crumley, A. C.: (1900-03). Practiced in Pleasant Plain from 1900 to 1903. Came from Missouri and returned to Missouri. No data.

42. Curfman: (1852). No data. Mentioned in Dr. Shaffer's diary.

43. Davis, Ezra: (1870?). No data. Practiced in Glasgow. He was a brother to Dr. Moss Davis. Moved to Abingdon from Glasgow. Was a kind and sympathetic man.

44. Davis, Moss: (1870?). No data. Practiced in Glasgow. Was a brother of Dr. Ezra Davis. Died in Boulder, Colorado, in 1890.

45. Davis, S. K.: (1888 to this date). Born on a farm in Pennsylvania, 1863. Graduate Parsons College and of the Pleasant Plain Academy and of the University of Iowa. Read medicine with Dr. David Stever in Fairfield. Graduate from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Keokuk, in 1888. Began practice in Libertyville in 1888, where he has precticed successfully to this date. President of the Des Moines Valley Medical Society and of the Southeastern Iowa Medical Society. President of the local bank and of the school board. Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the American Genetics Association. Has two sons, both physicians. Dr. Davis is an exceptionally well educated man and is a philosopher and poet. He is the leading citizen of his community. An omnivorous reader of the best books, he is a valued member of social and literary clubs. He was eager to serve in the World War and would have been a member of Hospital Unit R but failed in his physical examination. Quiet and unassuming, with a high sense of honor, he is altogether an ideal citizen.

46. Day, A. L. No data. Practiced in Blackhawk township.

47. Dean, Elijah L.: (1844-50). Born in Pennsylvania in 1808. No data. Moved to Wapello County in 1850 and died there in 1879.

48. Dearduff. No data.

49. DeArmond. No data. Practiced in Packwood.

50. DeMarsh, Clark C.: (1902-03). Practiced in Perlee and Fairfield. Graduate Homeopathic Medical College, University of Iowa, 1891. Began practice in Ottumwa, Iowa. Retired from practice and took up photography in Fairfield. Died in Fairfield in February, 1934.

51. Dial, W. C.: (1862 ? -64). No data except an account book and death notice. Took Dr. P. N. Wood's practice while he was in the Army of the Civil War. Probably came from Ohio. Excellent notice of him in Annals of Iowa, volume 14, No. 7, by Hon. C. J. Fulton. Had a large practice among the most prominent citizens of Fairfield. Died September 1, 1864, at the early age of thirty one years, "loved and respected by all who knew him". Probably buried at Mt. Pleasant.

52. DuBois, John W.: Practiced in Batavia. No data. Moved to South Dakota.

53. DuBois, Reuben: (1892?). Practiced in Batavia. No data. Moved to Kansas.

54. Dunkel, George Kasper: (1905 to this date). Born in 1879. Graduate University of Iowa, College of Medicine, 1905. Began practice in Fairfield and is still an active practitioner here.

55. Elms, B. C.: (1891 ?). Born, 1843. Graduated, Chicago Homeopathic School of Medicine, 1880. Professor of physical diagnosis in the same school. Practiced in Fairfield from 1891 for a time. Died in 1915 in Chicago.

56. Emerson, C. D.: (1893 ?). No data. Graduated from the Keokuk Medical College in 1893. Practiced in Abingdon, then moved to Packwood. Was greatly handicapped by extreme deafness.

57. Fellows: No data. Practiced in Farifield about 1880.

58. Ferris, Thomas, E. V.: (1880-1882). Born in Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, in 1846. Read medicine with his father. Began practice in 1874. Attended St. Louis Medical College in 1876. Moved to Lockridge in 1880 and practiced there two years. In 1882 quit the practice of medicine and moved to Fairfield, where he still lives in retirement.

59. Fleenor, John G.: (1889). Born in 1853. Graduated from College of Physicians and Surgeons, Keokuk, Iowa, in 1888. Practiced in Pleasant Plain in 1889. Moved to Pritchell, Colorado.

60. Fordyce, Winfield: (1872-1928). Born in Jefferson County in 1848, on a farm in Liberty Township. Educated in local schools. Read medicine in 1869 with Dr. J. M. Norris, of Birmingham. Attended College of Physicians and Surgeons, Keokuk, Iowa, 1871-72. Located in Glasgow. After two years practice returned to Keokuk for further study, 1877-78. Dr. Fordyce was a splendid example of the old school family physician: "The idol of the pioneer home, the theme of poets, the hero of romances". By a gunshot accident he lost the third and fourth fingers of his right hand. After beginning obstetric practice he found this deformity a great advantage in manual examination. He considered his accident "fortunate". Dr. Fordyce had little faith in the "germ theory" of disease and in many "new fangled" ideas that were distressing the medical profession. He progressed, however, far beyond the days of universal bleeding and salivation. The writer is greatly indebted to Dr. Fordyce for the incidents and folk stories of the preceding history. His only official services were his many years on the Insane Commission and on the "Exemption Board" for the drafted men of the World War. For these positions his honor and unswerving fidelity to right and justice made him an ideal public servant. No one ever questioned the integrity of his decisions. One illuminating incident known to the writer will illustrate the character of this good man. A neighbor doctor, well known as an abortionist, died. The friends came to Dr. Fordyce and asked him to be one of a group of doctors to act as pall bearers. His reply to this: "I will go to the funeral of Dr. ------ as a neighbor should, but I will be damned if I will help carry that old abortionist to the grave as a member of the medical profession." Dr. Fordyce died in Fairfield April 16, 1928, honored by everyone who knew him. To live and serve one community for fifty years is a rare privilige (sic). Always to be prompt in business obligations; to be fair and just to all citizens; to support every movement for community improvement; these are the qualities of an unusual man such as was Winfield Fordyce.

61. Freeman, B. F.: (1858?). No data. Practiced in Brookville. Died in 1860.

62. Folson, W. Z.: (1887). No data. Practiced in Pleasant Plain in 1887.

63. Gabbert, B. F.: (1885?). No data. Practiced in Batavia. Graduated in Keokuk, Iowa, 1885. Moved to Missouri and died there.

64. Gableson, A. No data. Practiced in Merrimac.

65. Gantz, Byron Noble: (1887). Born in 1860. Graduated from the "General Medical College (homeopathic) Chicago, 1885. Dr. Gantz seems to have been for years an active believer in birth control. Finally the federal court, objecting to his method of practice, sent him to Fort Madison, where he now resides. As far as we can learn, he is the only doctor of Jefferson County ever convicted of a felony.

66. Gaumer, James Stewart: (1906 to this date). Born in Victor, Iowa, 1872. Graduated from Parsons College with the degree B.S. Obtained his professional degree from Rush Medical College in 1900. Began practice in Danville, Iowa, and moved to Fairfield in 1906. Before his medical course Dr. Gaumer taught country schools. In one he received $20.00 a month for a three-month term. Served in the war with Spain as a sergeant of Company M in Florida. Helped to establish the Jefferson County Hospital. Served as first lieutenant in the National Guard on the Mexican Border before the World War. Is a fellow of the American College of Physicians and belongs to national, state and district societies. Taught obstetrics to the Nurses Traning School of the Jefferson County Hospital throughout the existence of that school. Dr. Gaumer's hobby is Masonry. As a Mason he has a wide acquaintance and has held high offices. He is highly respected throughout Jefferson County. Has lived an honorable, industrious life and is an excellent, dependable citizen. His labors for the county medical society have been preeminent. Is concerned with every infraction of medical ethics and always intolerant of cultists who prey on the credulity of the people.

67. Gitler, Ludwig: (1930 to this date). Born in Germany, 1898. Lived in Nuremburg until 1924, when he came to the United States. Had an excellent education, graduating after nine years' study in the gymnasium in 1917. Had four years at the University of Erlangen at which institution he took the state's examination in medicine in 1922. Interned in the Municipal Hospital in Nuremberg, 1923. Interned North Chicago Hospital. Assistant physician in hospitals in Erlangen. Pathologist and x-ray substitute director of Jackson Park Hospital, 1925-26. Industrial clinic, Detroit, Michigan, 1927. General practice in Chicago in 1928. After this most excellent training Dr. Gittler came to Fairfield in 1930, and is now in active practice.

68. Graber, Frederic J.: (1900). Born September 24, 1868, in Jefferson County. Read medicine with Dr. John Norris, Birmingham. Graduated Keokuk Medical College, 1891. Practiced in Fairfield in 1900. Moved to Stockport, Iowa, where he is still in practice.

69. Graber, Harold Elwood: (1927 to this date). Born in Stockport, Iowa, 1899. Father and one brother physicians. Graduated with the degree M. D., 1925. Resident physician in the Iowa University Hospital, 1925-26. Clinical assistant in the same institution, 1926-27. Began practice in Lockridge, 1927, and moved to Fairfield in 1930, where he has since had an active practice. Dr. Graber is a Phi Beta Pi, a Mason and a first lieutenant in the Medical Corps of the Iowa National Guard. With a fine education and excellent training, Dr. Graber has begun a promising career. He has a pleasing personality and his confreres predict for him a useful life.

70. Graham: (1862-68). No data. Thought to be the first doctor who resided in Salina.

71. Green, Wesley Johnson: (1840-1869). Born in Pennsylvania, 1818. Read medicine with uncle in Virginia. Came to Jefferson County from Pennsylvania and practice in the "Rich Woods." Was also a farmer. Died in Fairfield in 1906, many years retired from the practice of medicine.

72. Grove, Axel: No data. Practiced for a time in Lockridge.

73. Grove, Emil Gustaf: (1896-1924). Born in Jefferson County, 1872. Graduated in medicine from the Keokuk Medical College, 1896. Began practice in Fairfield in 1896, where he practiced until 1924, when he moved to Boone, Iowa, where he is now in active practice.

74. Hague, Albert Smiley: (1900-23). Born on a farm in Jefferson County, 1872. Graduated from the Keokuk Medical College in 1896 with a remarkable record. His grades were 100 per cent in every examination of his entire course. Practiced in Grand Ridge, Illinois, until 1900, when he came to Fairfield and practiced here until his death in 1923. Was fond of children and specialized in children's diseases to some extent though he maintained a general practice. Dr. Hague was a successful business man and purchased much Iowa land. In 1917 he established the "Revelenta Farms," near Fairfield, where he raised pure-bred livestock. His shorthorn herd was said to be the best in Iowa. Dr. Hague told the writer that his greatest pleasure in life was the acquiring of wealth. He sacrificed himself at all times in accomplishing this end. In the medical profession his type is rare, for most doctors are poor business men. Dr. Hague pursued his ideal at every opportunity. When confined to bed with illness he bemoaned his inability to do active work.

75. Hall: (1853-1856). No data. Practiced in Locust Grove Township. Mentioned as a consultant in Dr. Shaffer's diary in 1853 and 1856.

76. Hall, R. R.: (1880?). Practiced medicine in Fairfield, about 1880. No data. The writer remembers, as a boy, seeing his office walls covered with anatomic charts. His office was called, by his rivals, "The Health Factory." His excuse, to a patient, for the then unusual charge of $10.00 for opening an abscess, was tha the knife was of "pure imported English steel."

77. Hammond, Samuel F.: (1880-87). Born in Ohio in 1854. Came to Jefferson County with his parents in 1845 and lived on a farm north of Fairfield. Attended the country schools and private schools and taught country schools. Read medicine with Dr. P. N. Woods and graduated from Rush Medical College in 1880. After graduation he formed a partnership with Dr. Woods, which lasted until Dr. Hammond's death in 1887.

Journal of Iowa State Medical Society
Vol. XXV, No. 10 (October, 1935)
Pages 568 - 570

78. Hayden, John W.: (1866-1909). Born in Ohio in 1839. In 1842 his father, a minister, brought him to Jefferson County, where he lived until his death in 1909. He was educated in the Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant and graduated in medicine at Keokuk in 1866, then the Iowa State University School of Medicine. In the war of the rebellion John Hayden enlisted as a private in Company F, third Iowa Cavalry. He served three years as a hospital steward. In 1891 ill health compelled him to retire from active practice and he moved to Fairfield, only to be called again and again to his old patients. Dr. Hayden represented Jefferson County in the Eighteenth General Assembly. He was a brave soldier, a skilled physician and a successful business man, leaving a considerable estate (a rare thing among physicians). Dr. Hayden had a large practice and he was kind and generous to his patients and renters to a fault. As an illustration of the customs of his day and his own great hearted generosity, he advised the writer, just starting in practice: "Don't wrap up your tablets in paper and charge fifteen cents. Put them in a neat box and charge twenty-five cents. People will pay that just as readily." This trifling charge for medicine throws light on the customs of that day. The writer knew Dr. Hayden well and had for him the highest respect. He was an "old school family doctor." He hated abortionists and all dishonorable members of the profession. He was one of the noble citizens of Jefferson County.

79. Hayden, Thomas: (1874-76). A brother of Dr. John W. Hayden. Born in Iowa, 1854. Graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Keokuk, Iowa, in 1874. Practiced two years in Libertyville associated with his brother. He then went to the "New York Institute of Advanced Surgery," 1876-77; then to Nebraska; and then to Fresno, California, where he died in 1931.

80. Henderson, E.: No data. Practiced at Batavia.

81. Henry, Charles: (1931 to this date). Graduated in medicine at State University of Iowa, 1886. Practiced fifteen years in Nebraska. During World War, practiced in Hedrick, Iowa; then Alhambra, California. Came to Pleasant Plain in 1931, and is still practicing there.

82. Hite, A. K.: (1874?) No data. Lived on a farm and practiced at Baker Post Office about 1874.

83. Hobson, W. Zeno: (1870-85 ?). Practiced medicine while living on a farm and later in Pleasant Plain. Was also a minister of the Friends Church. As was the custom among the Friends, he was called "Zeno" by everyone. He rode horseback and carried saddlebags. Moved to the state of Washington and died there. Dr. Shaffer, in his diary, mentions a Dr. Hobson in 1855, possibly the same man.

84. Hoopman, Aldus Arthur: (1893 ?). No data. Practiced medicine in Fairfield in 1893. Purchased the practice of Dr. Worthington. Was here but a short time and is now living in Seattle, Washington, but does not answer inquiries. Dr. Hoopman's "purchase" of Dr. Worthington's practice was a sad disappointment--an illustration of the fact that a doctor cannot "sell" his practice.

85. Hoskins, Mrs. Olivia Carrell: (1898 to this date). Born in New York in 1878. Graduated from the Cleveland College of Medicine and Surgery in 1895. Practiced in Pleasant Plain. Dr. Olivia Carrell married Mr. Hoskins and now lives on a farm near Pleasant Plain and continues the practice of medicine.

86. Huey, John T.: (1848?-1866). Practiced in Fairfield, in 1848, or earlier. Little can be learned of his life. Judge Leggett said: "He was the most cultured gentleman of my acquaintance." When Dr. J. M. Shaffer came to Fairfield in 1852, he formed a partnership with his brother-in-law, Dr. Huey. Dr. Huey built the most pretentious house in Fairfield, which has just been razed (in 1933). Had everything the best; fine horses and servants, etc. Had a Philadelphia education and wealth, and was the most patrician doctor who has lived in Jefferson County. He was very firm and called every woman "Madam." Dr. Huey did no manual labor, but one day he took the house scissors and cut all the blossoms from the potato plants grown by Mr. Christian Shafer, in his garden. Dr. Huey probably meant to test whether this would lessen or increase the number of potatoes. The writer is today unable to find anyone who knows the effect of cutting off potato blossoms. Dr. Huey is believed to have died of tuberculosis in Fairfield in 1866.

87. Huffman, George F.: (1910). Practiced in Round Prairie Township in 1910. Was born in 1875. Graduated from Drake University Medical College in 1900. Moved to Florence, Arizona, but does not answer inquiries.

88. Hufford, Rollin Hughes: (1864-1894). Born in Pennsylvania, 1823. "Graduate (?) of Jefferson College, Pennsylvania." Was in active practice in 1865. Later he became a druggist in Fairfield and was here about 1880, a partner of Dr. A. C. D. Bradshaw. "Attended Sterling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio," but did not graduate. Came to Fairfield in 1864. Died here September 16, 1894.

89. Hull, John C.: (1859-1863). Born in Ohio in 1827. Graduated from the Cincinnati Eclectic Institute in 1853. Practiced in Fairfield, associated with Dr. Charles S. Clarke (?). In 1875 he moved to Kearney, Nebraska, where he died in 1900.

90. Humphrey: (?). No data. Mentioned by Dr. Shaffer in his diary.

91. Hunter, Mary Gill: (1897). A homeopath, practiced in Pleasant Plain. Born in 1854, in Ohio. Graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Illinois, in 1899. Attended the Ohio University in 1881. Moved to Grand Junction, Colorado. Later graduated in osteopathy.

92. Hurst, L. F.: (1866-1871 ?). No data. Mentioned by Dr. Shaffer in his diary, 1866-71.

93. James, Lora Douglas: (1908 to this date). Born in Appanoose County, Iowa, in 1882. Graduated from Northwestern University Medical College in 1906. Was an interne in the Polyclinic Hospital in Chicago one and one-half years. Located in Fairfield in 1908. Served as captain and major in the Medical Corps throughout the World War in France. Was with Hospital Unit R and on detached service in the Rainbow Division, being surgeon of the 166th Infantry and 167th Infantry, and in Evacuation Hospital No. 7 from July to November, 1918. Since Dr. James' discharge he has been commanding officer of the Medical Detachment of the 133rd Regiment of the Iowa National Guard. Is a member of the national, state and district medical societies, the Iowa Clinical Surgical Society and of the Military Surgeons' Association. Is a surgeon of the C. B. & Q. and the C. R. I. & P. Railways. Was responsible for the founding of the county hospital at the date it was established. His encouragement kept the committee at work on the project. Always alive to the betterment of the local profession, Dr. James, more than any other doctor in the county, has kept the medical society alive and active. Dr. James' hobby is military medicine and he takes a prominent place in the Iowa National Guard. Makes friends easily, is true to his friends, and has a wide acquaintance in the profession of Iowa.

94. Jay, R. L.: (1872?). Born in Iowa, 1849. Read medicine with Dr. Payne, Richland, Iowa, 1868. Graduated Keokuk, 1869. Practiced at Merrimac. Drummer boy Company D, Fifteenth Iowa Infantry. Died in Wayland, Iowa, 1891.

95. Jones, T. F.: (1881-1910). Born in Iowa in 1853. Graduated at Keokuk Medical College in 1881. Practiced in Abingdon in 1881 and moved to Fairfield in 1888. In 1902 moved to Boulder, Colorado. One patient said of him in 1893: "He was a splendid doctor, always kind and courteous, liked by everyone." He drove a pair of gray ponies. He always answered calls promptly. Still living in Boulder, Colorado, in the drug business, and still practicing medicine (in 1934).

96. Jones, Hiram: No data. Practiced in Abingdon and moved to Kansas.

97. Jones, Wiley: (1865-66 and 1872-75). Born in Indiana in 1840. Came to Jefferson County with his parents in 1845. Read medicine with Dr. N. Steele, in Fairfield, 1864. Graduated in medicine in Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1867. Practiced in Glasgow, 1865 to 1866, and went to Winchester. He returned to Fairfield in 1872 and remained here until 1875, when he returned to Van Buren County, at Cantril, where he died in 1920.

98. Keck, Mrs.: (1875?). Practiced medicine in Fairfield about 1875. Her husband, Mr. Keck, had a foundry. Few data obtainable. The writer remembers, as a boy, the sensation in Fairfield, when Dr. Keck appeared in bloomers--a fashion of that day. She and her husband finally collected herbs, made and bottled a "Catarrh Cure," which she sold widely. Finally she abandoned a general practice and devoted herself to the "Catarrh Cure." She went from house to house selling her remedy. She moved to a larger place and rumor says "became wealthy."

99. King, David Hendricks: (1898 to this date). Born in Walcott, Indiana, 1875, and came to Jefferson County when eleven years of age. Graduated from the Keokuk Medical College in 1898, and located in Abingdon. In 1907 he moved to Batavia and has since practiced there. Dr. King furnished a Memorial Reception Room in the Henry County Hospital at Mt. Pleasant. He has done other good deeds which modesty prevents him from telling to this historian.

100. King, Joel Elijah: (1865-90). Born in Massachusetts, 1813, one of a family of twelve children. His grandfather was a native of Ireland. His father and one brother were physicians. His father was of the regular school. Joel King was at first a minister, he became an "Exhorter," and finally a "Circuit Rider." He read his father's medical books from his "teens" on. His mother kept in the house a box of dried herbs. "In those days every housewife was supposed to know how to relieve pain and allay fever." He enlisted in Company F, Twentieth Illinois Infantry. Later served as a hospital steward. In 1862 he had charge of a smallpox hospital at Louisville, Kentucky. Was discharged for disability in 1862. Stidued homeopathy with Dr. Hemmel and then practiced homeopathy. After the war Dr. King started from Illinois for Winterset, Iowa. In February, 1865, he stopped for the night at the John DuBois home, near Fairfield. On Mr. DuBois' suggestion, he came to Fairfield, located, and practiced until his death, in 1890. Dr. King was probably the first homeopath in Jefferson County. He was one of the leading doctors of his time and it seems to the writer that he did much toward leading all doctors away from over medication. In his practice he did not charge "working girls" for his services. He is referred to in the foregoing county history.

101. Kirby, James Arthur: (1887-1890). Born in Illinois in 1858, moved to Jefferson County in 1869. Attended the country schools, where he was a leader in debate. Taught school in the county several years, spending his vacations studying medicine with Dr. Worthington, at Fairfield. He graduated from the College of Medicine, University of Iowa, in 1887, and began practice in Batavia. He was a student of great promise and quite successful. He died of pneumonia in January, 1890. His untimely death was a loss to the profession.

102. Kirkpatrick, J. W.: No data. He practiced at the Baker Post Office. He was not a graduate in medicine.

103. Labagh, N. W.: (1904). He practiced eighteen months at Pleasant Plain. He graduated from the Keokuk Collge in 1904, and after his residence in Pleasant Plain, moved to Mystic, Iowa, where he is now in practice. During the World War Dr. Labagh served as a medical officer in the Fort Riley training camp.

104. Lamb, L.: (1910). No data. Practiced medicine in Polk Township in 1910.

105. Lesher, H. B.: His medical education consisted of two months at a medical school at Keokuk, Iowa. Not a graduate. He served in the army in the Civil War, probably as a hospital steward. Dr. Lesher was one of the most picturesque doctors who had lived in Jefferson County. With a meager education, he had acquired a large medical vocabulary. His conversation was greatly enjoyed by his medical colleagues and many of the anecdotes related in the preceding history are authentic tales of his practice. He was a distinct type of the old school doctor, licensed to practice without a diploma before regulating laws were in force. A most likable man with many friends. He did not try "phlebotomy" in one case because he had used "the last he had a week before," and he had the only case known who died from "Peyer's patches on the diaphragm."

106. Leshure, H.: (1889). No data. Practiced medicine in Salina, 1889.

107. Lewis, C. G.: (1859-1866). Born in Ohio, 1832. Moved to Libertyville, 1846. Studied medicine with Dr. Walker, of Libertyville. Graduated at Keokuk Medical College, 1859. Assistant Surgeon Thirtieth Iowa Infantry in Civil War. Resigned because of disability. Practiced in Libertyville until 1866, when he moved to Ottumwa, where he died in 1900.

108. Lewis: (?). No data. Early. Lived two miles northeast of Abingdon.

109. Loehr, Thomas R.: (1896). Born in 1869. Graduated from College of Physicians and Surgeons, Keokuk, 1896. Began practice in Lockridge. Moved to Seattle, Washington, and was licensed to practice there in 1908. No other data.

110. Long, C. S.: (1906). Practiced medicine in Fairfield. Moved to Denver, Colorado. No data.

111. Lowell, James.: No data.

112. Machesney, W. T.: (1875 ?-83). Read medicine in Illinois. Graduated from the Keokuk Medical College about 1875. Began practice in Salina, moved to Perlee and then to Bagley, Iowa, in 1883. Was highly respected in the county.

113. Martin, G. P.: (1888-94). Practiced in Fairfield, 1888 to 1894. Was also a Baptist minister. Told the writer he "healed both the body and the soul as did The Master."

114. Mathews: (1889). Dr. Mathews was in Fairfield in 1889 for a short time. No data.

115. McConnell, Townsend: (1855). Practiced hydrotherapy in a way not liked by the regular profession. Was mentioned in Dr. Shaffer's diary in 1855, but not with respect. Died in Fairfield.

116. McGuire, Roy Alvin: (1908 to this date). Born in Jefferson County in 1880. Graduated from the College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 1908. Practiced in Brighton, Iowa (on the edge of Jefferson County) until 1925 when he moved to Fairfield. A well educated and most active man, he had in both towns an extensive practice. A continuous student, he held an advanced position. In Brighton he served as mayor and as president of the school board. Before going to the war front Dr. McGuire was commissioned captain and examined all the men for enlistment in Hospital Unit R. He went to France with Unit R (after preliminary training at Fort Riley, Kansas) and served in Base Hospital No. 32 in Contrexeville, France, and in Hospital No. 5 in Paris, altogether sixteen months. He was commissioned a major near the end of his service. He was devoted to his work in the army and gave himself without stint to his tasks. An active member of the Fairfield School Board and Commander of the local American Legion, Dr. McGuire is always active in public affairs. His fad is the local ownership of public utilities and the correction of the abuses of public utility companies.

117. McLain, N. E.: No data, practiced in Fairfield in 1906.

118. Meacham, Edwin: No data. Practiced in Abingdon very early.

(To be continued).

Journal of Iowa State Medical Society
Vol. XXV, No. 11 (November, 1935)
Pages 626 - 629

119. Mealey, Thomas S.: (1857-1876). Born in Pennsylvania in 1818. Attended the University of Pennsylvania Medical College and Jefferson Medical College and graduated in 1839. Was the first resident doctor of Walnut Township, of Scotch (sic) ancestry; a deacon of the Presbyterian Church and a strong prohibitionist. Coming to Pleasant Plain in 1857 he practiced there until his death in 1898, though he nominally retired in 1876. He owned 800 acres of land and farmed. Dr. Mealey was kind and generous and to his poor patients he took provisions (food) as well as medicine. His father, Dr. Samuel Mealey, was a physician and practiced in Washington County. Dr. Thomas Mealey was a strong character and made an impression on the community. He is yet a "tradition" there. Dr. Mealey was the only subscriber to a daily paper at Pleasant Plain during the War of the Rebellion and each day the citizens of the community congregated about while he read the news.

120. Miller, Thomas: (1870). No data. A contemporary of Dr. J. W. Hayden. Practiced at Wooster. Was not a graduate.

121. Miller, W. K.: (1872-1882). Few data. Graduated at Rush Medical College in 1872 (?). Practiced in Libertyville ten or twelve years, and moved to Nebraska. Died in Texas in 1923.

122. Millikin, J. C.: Was not a graduate. Practiced in Fairfield before and after 1890. No data. Did not have the respect of his contemporary practitioners. We draw the mantle of charity over his memory.

123. Moechum. No data. Practiced in Abingdon. Mentioned in Dr. Shaffer's diary.

124. Mohr, Richard J.: (1861-1887). Born in Pennsylvania in 1841. Came to Fairfield with his parents in 1865 and was employed as a druggist's clerk. Here he began reading medicine and graduated from the Keokuk Medical College in 1861. Surgeon of the Tenth Iowa Infantry, 1862, when he was twenty-one years of age. Later he became brigade surgeon of the Fifteenth Corps, ranking as major. He went with Sherman to the sea and was in active service throughout the war. At the close of the war he returned to Fairfield where he practiced until he moved to Pasadena, California, in 1887, where he remained in practice until his death. February 23, 1900, fifty-nine years of age. In 1876 Dr. Mohr took a post-graduate course at the University of Pennsylvania. From 1881 to 1883 he lectured on anatomy in the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Keokuk, Iowa, then the Medical College of the State University of Iowa. Dr. Mohr was an advanced microscopist and organized a microscopic society in Fairfield which won distinction. He was the leading surgeon of his time in Fairfield. His extreme cleanliness and neatness made his operative work approach the asepsis of later years. He corresponded with Robert Koch and other leaders in science. His quiet dignity and generosity won for him the respect of all who knew him. He is referred to at length in the preceding history. His widow furnished the operating room of the Jefferson County Hospital as a monument to his memory.

125. Moberly, J. T.: (1840-1861). Practiced in Fairfield and was the first resident physician of this county seat. He lived at what is now 500 S. Main st. and here died in 1861. The place and date of his birth cannot be learned. He is remembered as a tradition by many and must have been an outstanding citizen, who took part in all public affairs. It is recorded that he was "the truest and best of men"; that he was "humane"; that he was "careless of fees". The Indians called him "Big Medicine" and they bothered him so much that he was compelled to keep a big stick in his office. This he would shake at them and say "Puck-a-chee" (get out of here). Dr. Moberly was a good speaker and prominent in public meetings. He left a good name. He seems to have been a worthy leader of the profession into Jefferson County.

126. Moorman, Charles T.: (1885- ?). Born in Ohio in 1836. Graduated from the Eclectic Medical College in Cincinnati in 1876. Practiced in Abingdon from 1885 until 1891 and then in Packwood until his death. Dr. Moorman was a Quaker. His parents came from Virginia. He was highly respected, used good judgment in his work and was quite succesful. He treated Mrs. Salts in 1909 and she says "We always liked him but he was a bit rough in his talking and quick tempered." The writer remembers him as a good doctor; a man of character; an honored member of the profession.

127. Morris, Shelton: No data. Practiced in Abingdon very early.

128. Morris, John: No data.

129. Morrow, Augustus M.: (1894-1902). Born in 1871. Graduated from Keokuk Medical College about 1875. Practiced in Lockridge from 1894 to 1902 and then moved to Liberal, Kansas, where he had a private hospital. He took postgraduate work in Chicago in 1916. Dr. Morrow died in 1928. He was a progressive, active student, worked hard and had a large practice.

130. Moss, Oscar Burnham: (1893-1895). No data. Dr. Moss came to Fairfield in 1893, purchasing the practice of Dr. Eugene Campbell. Was a homeopath. Practiced here about two years and moved to Chicago where he wrote a book, the value of which cannot be learned. Later lived for a time in Burlington, Iowa.

131. Musselmann, James T.: (1852-1853). Born in Ohio. Came to Fairfield in May 1852. In October, 1853, rode horseback to Keokuk, Iowa, to procure medicines. From the exposure he developed pneumonia and died October 13. Such a journey was, in that day, a great undertaking. The Masonic order, after his death, passed resolutions expressing real respect.

132. Myers, J. L.: (1846-1876). Born in Virginia in 1814. Was not a graduate in medicine. He is mentioned in Dr. Shaffer's diary in 1852-53 and '54. Dr. Shaffer says in one place "Doctors M. and P. put a spring truss on a varicocele." No other data of his work can be found. He was a "botanic doctor," collected local plants, and prepared his own medicines.

133. Myers: (1854?). No data. Mentioned by Dr. Shaffer in 1854. Was at one time employed by the county authorities to care for all smallpox cases. A son of Dr. J. L. Myers and an "eclectic" practitioner.

134. Myrick, Eliel Grant: (1907 to this date). Born in Iowa in 1869. Graduated from the Keokuk Medical College in 1904. Practiced in Des Moines one year and came to Fairfield in 1907. Dr. Myrick was never admitted to membership in the County Medical Society. He underbid other doctors in his professional fees, accepted a position with a notorious "cancer specialist" and has been in many ways out of harmony with the local medical profession. Dr. Myrick is a "jolly good fellow" liked by a considerable number of Jefferson County people and has a rather large practice. In the World War he was a First Lieutenant in a Base Hospital at Fort Riley, Kansas. His newspaper advertisements have been enjoyed by the doctors of Fairfield and he is the only doctor of the county who has "made" the Tonics and Sedatives column of the Journal of the American Medical Association.

135. Nelson, H. P.: (1884- ?). Practiced in Fairfield. No data. Was associated with Dr. Roop.

136. Norris, A. M.: Practiced medicine in Buchanan Townshp. No data.

137. North, F. R.: (1911-1919). Born in Iowa, 1876. Two years Howe's Academy, Mount Pleasant Normal Teaching Course. Taught several years, then studied medicine. Practiced in Packwood from 1911 to 1919, then moved to Winfield, Iowa, where he now lives and practices. Graduate Keokuk Medical College, 1904.

138. North, Norman Theodore: (1927). Born in 1895. Graduate from the Northwestern University, Chicago, in 1925. Moved to Florence, Kansas. Dr. North was well educated and had an attractive personality. He did not gain a large practice and decided to try another location.

139. Nugent, E. G.: No data. Practiced in Batavia. Graduated from the Cincinnati Botanical School in 1858.

140. Oliver, J. W.: (1867-1896). Born in Pennsylvania in 1837. Graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1866. Was a graduate of the Washington and Jefferson College in 1858. Studied medicine with Dr. Wm. K. Blatchley in Pennsylvania. Taught school for a time. In the Civil War he was with Company K, Eighth Pennsylvania Infantry one year, and was discharged because of a wound. He then reenlisted in Company C, Twenty-second Pennsylvania Cavalry. Practiced in Brookville from 1867 to 1869 and then moved to Fairfield where he lived until his death in 1912. Dr. Oliver was a member of the pension board for thirty years. Was well read and always remained a student, but his practice was never large. He failed to apply his knowledge to the practical question of the moment in a way to win patients. He was honored and respected as a man.

141. Oliver, James M.: (1884-1886). Born in Pennsylvania. Graduated from Rush Medical College, Chicago, 1886. Practiced in Libertyville from 1884 to 1886. Moved to Arkansas in 1886. Was a nephew of Dr. J. W. Oliver of Fairfield. There was a question of the legality of Dr. James Oliver's practice in 1884-86 and he was prohibited from practicing. He then went to Rush Medical School.

142. Orr, J. T.: (1847-1860). No data. Was associated for a time with Dr. John T. Huey in 1847. Practiced in Fairfield from 1847 to 1860.

143. Packwood, S. D.: (1890). Born in 1866. Graduated from an Eclectic College in Cincinnati in 1889. Practiced in Batavia about 1890 and after. No data.

144. Parks, W. S.: (1930). Born 1859. Graduated from Iowa State University of Medicine 1885. Practiced for years in Brighton, Iowa, and for a time in Packwood, Jefferson County, about 1930.

145. Parrott: (1853). No data. Mentioned by Dr. Shaffer in his diary.

146. Perry, Mary G.: (1890). No data. Dr. Perry was one of the few women doctors of Jefferson County. She had pneumonia in Fairfield. Moved to the east and died somewhere in the eastern states. She was not long in Jefferson County.

147. Plowman, E. T.: (1932 to this date). Born in Kansas in 1904. Studied in Kansas City College. Graduated from the College of Medicine, University of Iowa in 1930. Was an interne in the Mercy Hospital in Des Moines, Iowa, 1930 and 1931, and began practice in Mt. Pleasant, but soon moved to Lockridge in 1932. Having an excellent education and pleasing personality his success seems assured.

148. Porter, Henry C.: (1896-1912). Born in Kentucky in 1863. Graduated from Rush Medical College in 1890. Studied at Rush in 1883 and 1884. Practiced until 1889 and then returned to medical school for his final year. Studied with his brother Dr. J. W. Porter of Hedrick, Iowa, and practiced under him for a year between courses. Dr. Porter practiced in Batavia from 1896 to 1912 when he moved to Ottumwa where he is now living.

149. Powers, M. L.: (1896). Came to Iowa from Vermont and practiced in Pleasant Plain until 1896. Was highly respected. Died in Pleasant Plain in 1896 and his place was taken by Dr. Albert Conrad.

150. Prentice, George Lee: (1932 to this date). Born in Murray, Iowa, in 1878. Graduated from Rush Medical College in Chicago in 1900. Served as captain in The Medical Corps, United States Army in the World War. Located in Packwood, Jefferson County, Aug. 15, 1932 and is now practicing there.

151. Raiff: (1853). No data. Called in consultation by Dr. Shaffer.

152. Ratcliff, Bruce Samuel: (1884). Born in Fairfield in 1859. Graduated from College of Physicians and Surgeons at Keokuk in 1884. Began practice at Perlee in 1884, but after six months moved to Eldon, Iowa. Did not practice medicine long but became a traveling salesman and so continued for years. He is now living in Fairfield engaged in the restaurant business, a respected citizen, known to only a few as a graduate physician.

154. Ream, Henry: (1845-1872 ?) Born in Pennsylvania of Dutch ancestry. Lived for a time in Hagerstown, Maryland, and came to Abingdon in 1845 practicing there until his death. Dr. Ream was the fisrt doctor to live in the western part of Jefferson County. He was a "bontanic doctor" and a "Campbellite minister." He kept a tavern of excellence called the "Maryland House" which was a large colonial house with a fireplace in every room. He had a drug store and managed a farm of 300 acres. A unique thing for Jefferson county, he drove a team of reindeer or elk. Dr. Ream was a remarkable character and a worthy man. He built the first Campbellite Church in the county. He died at the age of seventy-two years. The doctor had a habit of carrying red pepper in his pocket and putting some in his coffee when he had meals away from home. He was one of the outstanding characters of early Jefferson county life. His son became a doctor.

155. Ream, Daniel: (1848-1852). Born in Maryland in 1830, son of Dr. Henry Ream. Came to Abingdon with his parents when sixteen years of age. Studied with his father and began practice when eighteen years of age. Attended the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1852 and after one course of lectures went to California where he died at the age of seventy-seven years, a highly respected citizen and doctor (referred to at length in the preceding history).

156. Ricksher, Charles: (1919-29). Born in Fairfield in 1879. Graduated from Parsons College in 1901. Graduated in medicine from Johns Hopkins University in 1905. Assistant physician Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital 1905 and 1906. Studied in Munich and Zurich during 1906 and 1907. Assistant physician Danvers, Massachusetts, State Hospital 1907 to 1910. Chief of Clinic New York Neurological Institute 1910 and 1911. Practiced in Fairfield 1919-29. Clinical director, Connecticut State Hospital, 1929 to this date.

157. Riggs, Jesse T.: (1881-84). Born about 1850 in Illinois. Graduated from Rush Medical College in 1881. Practiced in Abingdon three years. He had a large practice but was not a good business man. He moved in 1884 to Lynnville, Illinois, and died in 1895.

158. Robbins: (1856). Practiced in Batavia. No data.

159. Robinson, C. W.: (1853). No data. Mentioned in Dr. Shaffer's diary in 1853. Practiced in Buchanan township.

160. Roop, Jonas: (1881-84.) born in Maryland in 1828. Graduated from Cincinnati Medical College. Was a partner of Dr. Nelson while in Fairfield where he practiced from 1881 to 1884 or later. Went from Fairfield to Chicago. Dr. Roop died at Rochester, Minnesota.

161. Sage: (?) No data. Practiced in Perlee.

162. Shaffer, Henry M.: (1889 ?) No data. Practiced in Batavia. Moved to Ohio where he was killed in an accident.

163. Schneider, F. W.: (1856.) No data. Graduated in Gottingen, Germany.

164. Shafer, H. M.: (1867 ?) Born in Ohio in 1837. Graduated from Chanty Hospital College of Cleveland in 1867. Had previously graduated from the University College of Wooster, Ohio. Practiced at Batavia for a time about 1867.

165. Shaffer, Joshua Monroe: (1852-74.) Born in Washington, Pennsylvania, 1830. Studied medicine with his brother in Elizabeth, Pennsylvania, in 1849, and graduated from the College of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania in 1851. Came to Fairfield in 1852 as a partner of Dr. Huey. In 1862 he was given the honorary degree M.D. from the University of Iowa. Moved to Keokuk, Iowa, in 1874 where he died March 26, 1913. Dr. Shaffer was one of the rarest men of Iowa and had a distinguished career. He kept a daily record of his work and this diary, now preserved in the Keokuk Library, forms the basis of the early part of the preceding history. For his non-professional activities Dr. Shaffer was probably the most widely known doctor who has ever lived in Jefferson county. He was the most versatile in his avocations.

166. Sheely: (1860?) No data. He practiced at Wooster before 1861.

167. Shelley: No data. Practiced at Abingdon at a very early date.

168. Sherlock, Peter J.: (1910-24.) Born in Knoxville, Iowa, 1885. Graduated from the College of Medicine, Iowa State University in 1910, and began his practice at Lockridge, Iowa. Dr. Sherlock was a well educated, congenial gentleman liked by all doctors who came in contact with him. He had good professional judgment, was a good student, and was successful in his practice. He died at Hot Springs, Arkansas, in 1926.

169. Sloan, N. A.: (1902-28.) Born in New York in 1863, the son of a doctor. Graduated from the Syracuse Medical College in 1888. After practicing in New York state he came to Fairfield in 1902. In 1928 he moved to Brighton, Iowa. In the latter part of his stay in Fairfield Dr. Sloan worked for the Louden Machinery Company as time keeper and did not practice.

170. Smith, John Jackman: (1837-73.) Born in Virginia in 1780. His father was a slave holder and John inherited 200 slaves to whom he gave their freedom because he did not believe in slavery. In 1803 he was engaged to go with Lewis and Clark on their exploring expedition. Severe illness compelled him to give up this journey--a life long regret. He came to Liberty township, Jefferson county, in 1837. He was not a graduate in medicine. He had a lancet (now owned by his great-great-grandson) and a "mad stone," and his services were in demand for miles in all directions from his home. He was the first settler in Liberty township. "Dr. Smith" was a wealthy man for his day and it is thought he made no charge for his services. He made his money in Ohio and brought it to this county--all in gold--in an old cowhide trunk. He purchased 5,000 acres of land in Jefferson county for $1.25 an acre. Dr. Smith was a large portly man weighing three hundred pounds. He was a justice of the peace for twenty years. He was a friend of Chiefs Blackhawk and Wapello. A crossing of Cedar Creek (now bridged) is still called "Smith's Ford." Dr. Smith was elected a county commissioner and helped lay out Fairfield in 1839. He died in 1873 at the age of ninety-three years and is buried at Libertyville.

171. Smith, Frank R.: (1876-91.) Born in Van Buren county, Iowa, in 1851. Studied with Dr. R. J. Mohr. Graduated from the Keokuk Medical College in 1876. Began practice in 1876 in Pleasant Plain and then moved to Fairfield. In 1891 because of failing health Dr. Smith moved to Denver and later to Grand Junction, Colorado, where he practiced seventeen years. He died in California in 1912. Dr. Frank Smith was a rare doctor in that he liked to treat fractures. His greatest delight was in the care of fracture cases and he was very skillful in this treatment. He was so interested in such cases that he once got permission to disinter a body, buried several months, to study a fracture.

172. Snook, Calvin (1872-1906.) Born on a farm near Fairfield in 1848 he was educated in the schools of Fairfield. He read medicine with Dr. N. Steele in Fairfield and took a course of lectures in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Keokuk, Iowa, in 1869. Later he attended the Iowa State Medical College at Iowa City. He began practice at Moulton, Iowa and came to Perlee in 1872. He moved to Fairfield in 1879 and practiced here until his death in 1906. He was for eight years the health officer of Fairfield. Dr. Snook was local surgeon for the C. B. & Q. and the C. R. I. & P. Railway Companies for many years, showing that he was held in high regard by these corporations. A quiet, reserved man of good education he was respected by all. He had a large practice, probably as large as any doctor in Jefferson county. Dr. Snook had good judgment in public affairs and was generous of his time when he could help the community. He was too kind hearted and generous in his own private business and like so many good doctors left a small estate. Too often the quality of kind hearted sympathy in a doctor allowed a community to take advantage of him and to leave his bills unpaid. Dr. Snook never took a vacation in his life. He did not know how to play. His recreation from his medical and surgical work was his labors for the community. Such men as Dr. Calvin Snook make a profession of which one is proud to be a member. Dr. Snook died in 1906 at fifty-eight years of age.

173. Stark, Duane: (1839?) No data. He was the first doctor to practice in Locust Grove township. He was associated with Dr. Cole. Dr. Shaffer mentions him in 1852 in a case related in the preceding history.

174. Steele, N.: (1848-1866?) No data. His name is on a list of voters in Fairfield in 1848. He was one of the leading doctors in Fairfield in 1852 and is often spoken of in Dr. Shaffer's diary. He is said to have graduated in Keokuk in 1866.

175. Stephenson, Robert Bruce: (1886-1934.) Born on a farm in Jefferson county in 1857. Graduated in medicine from the Sterling Medical College of Columbus, Ohio, in 1885. Dr. Stephenson was the first doctor resident in Lockridge from 1886 to 1893. He then went to Mystic, Iowa, as a surgeon for the mines, but returned to Jefferson county and located at Libertyville in 1895 where he practiced until his death in 1934. Dr. Stephenson was a genial gentleman respected in his community. His greatest fault, shared by many of the older doctors, was in making his charges for his services too small.

176. Stepp, James K.: (1915-28.) Born in South Carolina in 1890. Graduated in medicine from the University of Georgia in 1911. Practiced in Georgia and in the United States Army Medical Corps in 1915. He located in Linby, Jefferson county, in 1915 and moved to Packwood in 1926, after which he left the county moving to Jesup, Iowa, where he is still practicing.

177. Stevenson, William: (1836?) Though living in Mount Pleasant, Henry county, Dr. Stevenson is supposed to have been the first doctor to attend the sick in what is now Jefferson county in 1836. His patient was in Round Prairie township. He probably also had patients in Buchanan, Lockridge and Cedar townships.

178. Stever, David: (1876-93.) Born on a farm near Fairfield in 1848 of German ancestry. Studied medicine with Dr. P. N. Woods and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Keokuk in 1876. Dr. Stever began his practice of medicine in Perlee in 1876 but soon moved to Fairfield where he practiced until his death in 1893. Several successful doctors began their medical studies in Dr. Stever's office. His graphic, minute descriptions of pathologic conditions long before the days of Roentgen were of great interest to his colleagues. Some of these diagnoses are noted in the preceding history.

179. Stewart, Edgar Allen: (1912-1914.) Born in Illinois in 1881. Graduated from the University of Iowa, College of Medicine in 1912. Practiced in East Pleasant Plain from 1912 to 1914. During the World War he served as captain in the United States Army Medical Corps. Dr. Stewart is now in the United States Veterans Bureau service in Indiana.

180. Stoner, C. E.: (?) Practiced in Perlee. Came from Illinois and moved from Jefferson county to Des Moines, Iowa.

181. Strickling, Frank E.: (1908.) born in 1886. Graduated from the Keokuk Medical College in 1907. Practiced in Batavia one year and moved to Birmingham, Van Buren county.

182. Sutton, S. C.: (1878.) Born in Jacksonville, Illinois. Graduated from the University of the City of New York in 1878.

183. Stuplo: (1854.) No data. Mentioned in Dr. Shaffer's diary.

184. Tallman, Cameron C.: (1903 to this date.) Born in Keota, Iowa, in 1875. Graduated from Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1900 and located in Fairfield in 1903 where he has been in active practice to this date. A genial, companionable man of good education Dr. Tallman is liked by everyone.

185. Taylor, Samuel W.: (1853-1876.) Born in Connecticut in 1817. Took a course of lectures at the Keokuk Medical College in 1854 and 1855. Dr. Taylor's fees were fifty cents for an office call and medicine; for an obstetric case three to five dollars. Money was scarce and he accepted many things in payment for his services. He was associated with Dr. Cottle. Dr. Taylor died in 1899.

186. Thayer: (?) No data. One of the first doctors to practice in Perlee.

187. Thomas: (?) No data. Practiced at Glasgow.

188. Todd, Victor C.: (1898-1903.) Born in Brighton, Iowa, in 1874. Graduated from the College of Medicine University of Iowa in 1898 completing a four years course in liberal arts and medicine in three years. Practiced in Pleasant Plain from 1898 to 1903 when he was admitted to the Insane Hospital at Mt. Pleasant as a patient and died there in 1910.

189. Tracy, F. A.: (1869?) Born in New York state in 1824. Graduated in medicine at Geneva Medical College. Came to Brookville in 1869, and practiced medicine there. No further data obtainable. He had a son who became a doctor.

190. Tuttle, Molly: (?) Was secretary to Dr. P. N. Woods for a time. Later she graduated in medicine and practiced in Fairfield. No data obtainable.

191. Vaughn, J. M.: (1849-?) No data. He made himself known as a "physician, surgeon, and ocultist." Practiced in Fairfield. This is the only instance at that date of a doctor who claimed to be a specialist, and he evidently was not one.

192. Walker, Peter: (1854-1863.) Born in 1814 in Ohio. A long line of ancestors were doctors. Came to Libertyville in 1854. Dr. Walker represented Jefferson county in the state legislature in 1861. Was assistant surgeon of the Thirtieth Iowa Volunteers in 1863. Died in 1863.

193. Wall, Ora F.: (1893-1898.) Graduated in medicine from the Hahnemann College in Chicago in 1893. Practiced in Fairfield from 1893 to 1898 and moved to Colorado. She married a Mr. Roberts in 1900 and is now Dr. Roberts. Now lives in New York state.

194. Wall, Jeremiah: No data. Practiced in Jefferson county.

195. Ward, A. G.: (1870-1889.) Born in London, England, in 1829. Came to Canada when nineteen years of age. Studied medicine with his father-in-law and graduated from the University of Michigan School of Medicine in 1860. Dr. Ward practiced for a time in Michigan and moved to Libertyville, Iowa, in 1870 where he practiced until he moved to Fairfield in 1882. Dr. Ward practiced in Fairfield until his death in 1889.

196. Ware, J. C.: (1848-75.) Was the first physician to reside in Penn township. A list of voters shows him to have been in the county in 1848. Dr. Shaffer's diary shows him to have been in Fairfield from 1852 to 1854, and other data show that he was in Fairfield in 1875.

(To be continued next month)

Journal of Iowa State Medical Society
Vol. XXV, No. 12 (December, 1935)
Page 697

197. Waugh: No data.

198. Webb, Wateman Thomas: (1923 to this date.) Born in West Virginia. Graduated in 1911 from the Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital, Chicago. Practiced in Audubon, Iowa, from 1919 to 1923, when he moved to Fairfield, Jefferson county.

199. White: (?) Practiced in Pleasant Plain. No data.

200. Wiggins: (1908?) Dr. Wiggins bought out Dr. Clement when he left Glasgow. No data.

201. Winsell, F. F.: (1925-1933.) Born in Jefferson county in 1868. Studied medicine with Dr. S. K. Davis at Libertyville and then took a three year course in the Keokuk Medical College, graduating in 1895. Practiced in Iowa from 1895 until he moved to Pasadena, California, in 1924 and is now practicing there.

202. Woods, P. N.: (1854-86.) Born in Ohio in 1829. Graduated in medicine from the Eclectic Medical College of Cincinnati in 1854. He began practice at Beckwith, Jefferson county, Iowa, in 1854, but moved to Fairfield in 1856 where he practiced until his death in 1886. He was perhaps the most distinguished surgeon from Jefferson county in the Civil War. In 1862 he was examining surgeon for recruits in Jefferson county. He usually drove a two wheeled sulky but had a buggy and fine team when he "drove out." Dr. Wood's saddle bags contained twenty bottles all holding liquid medicines. There were no tablets or pills. Dr. Woods was one of the leading doctors of his day in Fairfield and a number of the younger doctors read medicine in his office.

203. Woods, Harry Eugene: (1883-1909.) Born in Jefferson county in 1857. Studied with his father, Dr. P. N. Woods. Graduated from Rush Medical College in 1883. Practiced in Fairfield from 1883 to 1887 and also from 1889 to 1894; at Libertyville from 1887 to 1889; at Batavia from 1894 to 1909 and since 1909 has been in Birmingham, just south of the Jefferson county line. A congenial, honorable well educated gentleman Dr. Harry Woods has gone the even tenor of his way commanding respect, as a citizen, wherever he lived.

204. Woodard: (1874?) No data. Dr. Woodard was a homeopath and was associated at one time with Dr. King.

205. Worthington, David H.: (1872-1892.) Born in Iowa City, Iowa. Graduated from Rush Medical College in 1878 and began practice in Fairfield the same year. In 1892 Dr. Worthington sold his property to Dr. H. H. Hoopman and moved to Hampton, Virginia. He retired because of ill health in 1933 and died in Aurora, Illinois, in May, 1934.

206. Wright, William S.: No data.

207. Wright, Edwin: (?) Practiced in Abingdon. Came from Kentucky. Died in Abingdon. After his death his wife practiced midwifery near Abingdon.