The Iowa History Project

_______________________________________________

 

The Iowa Journal

 

Of

 

History and Politics

 

January 1918

 

Volume 16 Number 2

_______________________________________________

 

VI Continued

 

Activities and Accomplishments of the Commission

 

          Sanitary affairs in Iowa were undoubtedly better organized at this time than they had been at any previous period. All efforts were united under a single head capable of providing an efficient working system. A letter to the Muscatine Journal, however, indicates that there were still some people in the State who were not in sympathy with the arrangement. This letter referred to the Iowa Sanitary Commission as “conceived in sin and brought forth in iniquity” and declared that the Commission was “begging” the legislature for $80,000, of which $13,000 was to pay the salaries of its agents and officers. The United states Sanitary Commission, the writer stated, distributed $100,000 worth of goods at a cost of $2,000, or on the whole at an expense of about two per cent.179 The new arrangement, however, soon resulted in increased activity. Many new societies were organized and organizations that had been dormant for some time again entered into the work with new vigor.180

             A bill was passed by the House of Representatives in February, 1864, to take the place of the act of 1862, which had authorized the Governor to appoint two or more sanitary agents, one of whom was to be Mrs. Wittenmyer.181 Immediately remonstrances were sent to the Senate by people all over the State, objecting to the repeal of the earlier act and expressing confidence in Mrs. Wittenmyer. Petitions of such a nature were introduced into the Senate from the citizens of Burlington, Muscatine, Mt. Pleasant, and Henry County. The petition which was circulated in Muscatine received over three hundred signatures, only one person having refused to sign it. Partly as a result of these petitions the bill was indefinitely postponed by the Senate.182 The Muscatine Journal in commenting upon the movement stated that the only opposition Mrs. Wittenmyer had ever encountered was “at the hands of a petty, despicable clique, who have private ends to serve, and not the good of the service in view.” 183 a later issue declared that the opposition to Mrs. Wittenmyer “originated in a heartless political scheme, and has ever since been carried on by its originators with the heartlessness characteristical of political schemers. By which we do not mean to say that all who oppose Mrs. W. are political schemers. We refer only to the heart-diseased, don’t-expect-to-live-long ‘anti-Wittenmyer’ set.”184

             The second annual meeting of the Iowa Sanitary Commission was held at Des Moines on June 1, 1864. Mr. F. E. Bissell of Dubuque became president; Mrs. James Baker of Davenport, recording secretary; Ezekiel Clark of Iowa City was reelected treasurer; and Rev. E. S. Norris of Dubuque was made corresponding secretary and general agent. A resolution was passed at this meeting asking that all supplies be sent to the United states Sanitary Commission at Chicago. The reasons given were that the Western Sanitary Commission did not reach all the Iowa soldiers and the Christian Commission was designed to attend particularly to the spiritual needs of the men, while the United States Sanitary Commission possessed superior facilities and operated in every part of the country.185

             The first meeting of the board of control of the Commission for 1864 was held at Dubuque on June 22-24, during the progress of the Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair at that place. The officers of the local aid societies who were at the Fair attended the meeting of the board in large numbers. Mrs. D. P. Livermore of Chicago, representing the United States Sanitary Commission was present and told of the condition and sufferings of the Iowa troops, and explained the working of the Commission which she represented. The chief object of the meeting was to arouse an interest among the visitors at the Fair; and according to the report “all present were inspired with renewed determination to work with increased zeal”.186

             Mrs. Wittenmyer had proposed the establishment of a special diet kitchen service for the benefit of those patients in need of special food which could not be obtained from the regular army allowances; and early in 1864 she laid her plan before the United States Christian Commission, by which body it was accepted after having been commended by the medical authorities of the army. The Christian Commission decided to put the plan into operation in its western branches, and agents were authorized to carry it out under the direction of Mrs. Wittenmyer. In June, therefore, Mrs. Wittenmyer resigned her place as State agent for Iowa in order to take up her new work with the Christian Commission, which she considered to be a field of much greater service.187

             With her resignation Mrs. Wittenmyer gave an account of her activities as State agent since September, 1862. This report showed that she had received from the Aid Societies of the State 2723 packages, barrels, and boxes of sanitary stores. The Des Moines convention estimated the average value of these packages to be forty dollars, thus making $108, 920 the estimated total value of the stores which Mrs. Wittenmyer distributed. This amount added to the cash received made a total of $115,786.93 for the work which she had performed. She estimated that this sum included nearly five-sixths of all the supplies furnished by the people of Iowa during that period. AT the time of her resignation Mrs. Wittenmyer reported the condition of the local Aid Societies to be very flourishing financially, many of them having from two to four hundred dollars in their treasuries.188

             The reports of the officers of the Iowa Sanitary Commission made at the meeting of the board of control on September 29, 1864, at Burlington, showed that the relief work carried on by the people of  the State was greater than ever before. From March 1 to September 1, 1864, the United States Sanitary Commission at Chicago had received from Iowa 2059 packages, which was 474 more than were furnished by the whole State of Illinois. During the same period of six months the Chicago branch received in cash a total of $61,788. 06, of which Iowa furnished $43,920.15, while Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota combined furnished only $17,788. At the next meeting of the board held at Cedar Rapids on March 27, 1865, there was given a report for the year from March 1, 1864, to March 1, 1865, which revealed the fact that the Chicago branch during that year had received 3340 packages from Iowa. For the same period Minnesota had contributed 210; Wisconsin 3165; Illinois 3918; and Michigan 1457 packages. The cash receipts from Iowa had been $50,935.85; while $38,931.64 had been the total amount received from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois and Michigan.189

             In April 1865, Mr. Norris reported that between seven and eight tons of sanitary goods were stored along the Dubuque and Sioux City Railroad and the Dubuque Southwestern Railroad ready to be shipped. The interest throughout the State was very great, between sixty and seventy county agents, appointed by Mr. Norris, being engaged in a canvas of their various counties.190

             A branch of the United States Christian Commission had been established in Dubuque towards the close of 1864. It was an auxiliary of the Chicago branch of the Christian Commission and was in charge of John H. Thompson. A meeting was held by the members at Dubuque in March, 1865, and delegates were appointed to visit surrounding towns to solicit contributions and organize local committees to supervise their respective districts.191 Another auxiliary of the Christian Commission was located at Keokuk, with Col. William Thompson as president and treasurer, this organization being connected with the St. Louis branch of the Commission.192 Many supplies sent from Iowa during the closing months of the war were delivered by the Christian Commission. The Third Annual Report of the Christian Commission acknowledged “valuable and timely donations” from Keokuk, Davenport, Oskaloosa, Camanche, and “other places in Iowa, of noble-hearted, liberal people”. Southern and central Iowa contributed more than one-half of the entire funds and stores of the St. Louis branch of the Christian commission for the year 1864.193

             On Wednesday, June 7, 1865, the Iowa Sanitary Commission met for its third annual meeting at Des Moines. The war was over, however, and all that remained to be done was to wind up the affairs of the organization. Resolutions were adopted recommending that the local societies which had so well supported the relief work should now give their support to the Orphans’ Asylum; and the existing officers were reelected.194

             No report was ever made covering the work of the whole State during the full period of the war, and it would probably have been impossible to do so, as supplies were distributed through so many different agencies. The reports published by the different agents and commissions often contained duplications in that they listed the same supplies and funds, so that it would be impossible to estimate or place any total money value upon the contributions of the people of Iowa. The reports covering specific periods, however, are sufficient to furnish an idea of the great magnitude which the relief work attained. One writer says that every Iowa town “had its Soldiers’ Aid Society, or later its local branch of the state sanitary commission, and the value and blessed use of the sanitary and hospital supplies sent to the front by them was almost beyond computation”; while another historian declares that in “almost every town and county throughout the State the women of Iowa earnestly cooperated in this humane work…. The aid thus given to the soldiers in the field was estimated to amount to more than half a million dollars.”195

 

Notes

 

179 Muscatine Weekly Journal, February 19, 1864.

180 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, March 4, 1864.

181 Senate Journal, 1864, p. 358.

182 Senate Journal, 1864, pp. 398, 402, 416, 437.

183 Muscatine Weekly Journal, March 4, 1864.

184 Muscatine Weekly Journal, March 11, 1864.

185 Report of the Iowa Sanitary Commission, 1866, pp. 33, 34.

186 Report of the Iowa Sanitary Commission, 1866, p. 34.

187 Report of the Iowa Sanitary Commission, 1866, p. 33; Third Annual Report of the United States Christian Commission, 1865, p. 24; Muscatine Weekly Journal, June 3, 1864. See above Chapter II.

188 Senate Journal, 1864, pp. 197, 206.

189 Report of the Iowa Sanitary Commission, 1866, p. 35.

190 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, April 28, 1865.

191 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, November 15, 1864, March 31, 1865.

192 Third Annual Report of the United State Christian Commission, 1865, p. x.

193 Third Annual Report of the United State Christian Commission, 1865, pp. 94, 95.

194 Report of the Iowa Sanitary Commission, 1866, pp. 35, 36.

195 Byers’s Iowa in War Times, p. 456; Gue’s History of Iowa, Vol. II, p. 421.

 

_________________________________

 

VII

 

Sanitary Fairs in Iowa

 

             Encouraged by the success of the so-called “sanitary fairs” in many other States, people in various parts of Iowa, early in 1864, conceived the idea of raising money by similar means in this State. The movements soon took definite shape and in the course of the year three very successful fairs were held.

 

The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair

 

             A public meeting was held in Dubuque in January, 1864, to consider the advisability of holding a large and extensive festival of some sort on Washington’s Birthday to raise the money and supplies so badly needed at that time for the army. It was proposed that the Ladies Soldiers’ Aid Society should arrange for the affair, but as the members of that organization felt that they had all they could attend to, the matter was dropped temporarily.196

             The proposal was revived a few months later and plans were laid for holding a large mass meeting to discuss the proposition. This meeting was held on March 10th in the Congregational church, which was well filled with the people of Dubuque. Mrs. D. P. Livermore of Chicago, a representative of the United States Sanitary Commission, was present and “for two hours addressed the meeting elegantly and eloquently”. At the conclusion of her address it was decided to undertake the holding of a fair in Dubuque; and a committee of sixteen, composed of an equal number of men and women, was appointed to draw up plans for an organization and to select officers. A resolution was also adopted providing that a subscription should be taken at the meeting, and that the proceeds should be used for the immediate purchase of vegetables for the armies. The sum of eleven hundred dollars in cash was secured, a large part of which was used to purchase sauer kraut for the troops. 197

             Two days later the committee made its report. The organization was designated the Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, and Mr. H. A. Wiltse was named as its president. Three vice presidents, five secretaries, a treasurer, and an executive committee of ten were also appointed. In addition, the plan provided that the presidents of organizations which might be formed in the various counties of the State for the purpose of cooperating in the enterprise should be vice presidents of the Fair. This plan ultimately resulted I the selection of thirty-four men and women, from as many different counties, as vice presidents.198

             Work was immediately begun to arrange for the large undertaking. An appeal was sent out to the people of the State urging their assistance and cooperation. Contributions of cash, of vegetables, of sanitary supplies, and of articles for sale at the Fair were solicited.199 Persons representing the Fair visited counties throughout the State, urging the cooperation of the public and of all relief organizations. Mr. Norris, an agent of the Iowa Sanitary Commission, spent the month previous to the Fair in traveling over the State, for the purpose of arousing popular interest and assistance. I was his hope that the results of the Fair should not be measured by the amount of money that would be raised, since he believed the Fair would be instrumental in reviving an interest and activity in the relief work of the whole State.200 Appeals for contributions were not limited to Iowa. With a view to making the affair as large and profitable as possible, people throughout the loyal States were asked to help.

             As plans and work progressed the citizens entered more fully into the spirit of the Fair and each was desirous of doing his part. The reports of agents and letters from numerous counties showed that practically the whole State was interested in the success of the undertaking. Governor William M. Stone was active, and early in April he wrote to the managers of the Fair that “nothing short of sickness or unavoidable business engagements” would keep him from attendance.201 At a meeting of the executive committee on May 3rd “communications from nearly every county in the State were read.”202 Originally it had been planned to hold the Fair in the City Building and Turner Hall, but because of the proportions the enterprise was assuming, the promoters soon realized that these buildings would not be sufficient. Therefore, in order to give time for the construction of an additional building to house the machinery and implements, the date of the opening of the Fair, which had been set for May 24th, was postponed to June 21st.203

             Agreements were early reached with various transportation companies for transporting goods for the Fair free of charge. Twenty-four different railroads and the Northwestern Packet Company agreed to haul all goods free, while the American Express Company promised to carry free all packages weighing under thirty pounds and all packages above that weight at cost.204 In May a committee on “Labor, Incomes and Revenue” was appointed and instructed to “solicit a day’s labor or its earnings, or a day’s revenue from all employing establishments, firms, corporations and companies”.205 In response to the untiring efforts of the workers, supplies and donations early began to pour in, and long before the opening day of the big event had arrived, hospital goods valued at twenty-five thousand dollars had been received and shipped to the men in the field. 206

             At two o’clock on June 21st the Fair was thrown open to the public, there being no procession or public display to mark the opening. The Germania Band performed ‘Hail Columbia.’ Rev. D. M. Reed addressed the Throne of Grace in a fervent prayer. The President of the Fair, on behalf of the managers, in a brief addressed, turned over the donations to the committees, and this address was responded to in a few well chosen remarks, by W. L. Calkins, Esq., of McGregor, on the part of the committees.”207 Two dollars was the price of a season ticket good for a lady and gentleman; single season ticket sold for a dollar and a half; admission for a single day was fifty cents; and children under twelve years of age were admitted at one-half the regular rate.208

             The first floor of the City Hall was occupied by booths, where every county that so desired was represented. Fourteen Iowa counties occupied separate booths; Jo Daviess County in Illinois and Grant County in Wisconsin shared one booth; the Good Templars conducted four booths, the City of Dubuque seven, the Catholic ladies of Dubuque two, and the German ladies of Dubuque two. Contributions from other localities were distributed among and sold at eh different booths.209 The library and floral departments, the packing room, the appraisers’ room, and the officers’ headquarters were located on the second floor of the City Hall; the third floor housed the children’s amusement department; and the basement served as a store room. The first and second stories of Turner Hall were used for the refreshment department, with sitting rooms and lounging rooms on the ground floor and dining room and kitchen above. “Both buildings were ornamented with American flags, with evergreens, flowers, mottoes and pictures in profusion and with the highest effect.” The building which had been constructed especially for the occasion adjoined the City Hall, and was filled with “hardware and agricultural and household implements and machinery”.210

             The Fair continued for eight days, the doors being open from ten o’clock in the morning to ten o’clock at night. As many as twenty-five hundred people were present at a single time. In the evenings special entertainments were given, consisting of “Tableaux, Pantomines, and the drama of Cinderella at Turner Hall; two dramatic entertainments at Julien Theatre, of a choice of character, by an amateur company of ladies and gentlemen from Madison, Wisconsin, under the management of Jas. L. Stafford, Esq., given entirely at their own expense; two concerts by Prof. Lascelles, and a lecture by Mark M. Pomeroy Esq., also at Julien Theatre.”211

             In order to stimulate interest in the Fair a national flag was offered as a prize to the county, outside of Dubuque County, making the largest contribution to the Fair in proportion to its population.212 About the middle of May, over a month before the opening of the Fair, the vie president of Kossuth County stated in a letter to the president of the Fair that Kossuth County was “going to get that flag” or make some of the other counties “pile it up big.”213 When the Fair opened Kossuth County, in addition to a valuable collection of  goods, had contributed more than a dollar for every man, woman, and child in the County.214 This amount proved to be sufficient to win the contest and the prize flag is to be found to-day in the care of the Kossuth County Historical Society.215

             The aim of the promoters of the Fair had been to obtain a response from as many people and from as many parts of Iowa as possible, thus making the enterprise a state-wide movement. That this aim was realized is shown by the fact that donations were received from about three hundred Iowa towns and cities, in sixty-two different counties. These donations were in a large part composed of supplies such as vegetables and other foods, clothing, and hospital stores, that could be used directly for the benefit of the soldiers in camps and hospitals; but among the contributions there was also a great quantity and a great variety of articles to be sold at the Fair.216

             Heading the list of such articles was one “silk quilt, by eight young ladies” from Allamakee County, representing, as did numerous gifts of fancy-work and art, the handiwork of the women of the State. Even the unfortunate inmates of the Asylum for the Blind at Vinton responded to the appeal with a contribution of fancy bead work. From Dubuque County, where of course the interest in the Fair was greatest, came such a variety of articles as a piano, a cannon, an opera cloak, five boxes of toilet soap, a “fancy dress ball, revolving figures”, a saddle, one garden vase, forty-five Mexican dollars, two “transparencies”, bread baskets, specimens of minerals, an ottoman, one “Daughter of the Regiment”, and a sketch entitled the “Bathing Scene”.

             A fine silver set which sold for five hundred dollars was received from the ladies of Keokuk: and a less expensive set was received from Burlington. The people of Clinton County forwarded, among other things, one pump and a quantity of sheet music; while from Linn County came two pumps, two pieces of pump pipe, and two lightning rods. A shirt and a clothes-wringer formed part of Mt. Pleasant’s donation, and citizens of Webster City responded with three dollars worth of “French chalk” and some specimens of Colorado gold quartz. Waterloo was very ably represented by such gifts as a “case of birds”, two town lots, and a what not valued at forty dollars. Perhaps one of the most enlivening to those coming in contact with it, was that received from a citizen of Clayton County—a hive of bees.217

             Iowa, however, was not the only source from which aid flowed to the Fair. From all over the country came large donations of money and goods. Cash received from Chicago amount to $3508, from New York City came a total of $3165, from Boston $2735, and from Milwaukee $1,262.16, besides many smaller subscriptions from numerous other places. The articles from the country at large, contributed for sale at the fair, like those from various parts of this State, included goods of all degrees of value and usefulness. Farm machinery proved a popular gift, and a great variety, such as reapers, mowers, hay rakes, plows, fanning mills, a sugar cane mill, buggies, and a cutter came from several districts. Other individuals or communities sent household equipment, including sewing machines, washing machines, furniture, clothes dryers, a cook stove, a tea urn, and a clock. Citizens of Pennsylvania, as their contribution, forwarded clothing, copper bottomed and brass kettles, glass, two gross of “vermifuge”, and a steel cannon. From a regiment in Texas came carved work, a blanket, a scarf, shells, boots, slippers, and a Mexican saddle. Connecticut’s offerings included skates, patent garters, hoop skirts, and door knobs. Massachusetts added five carriage robes, head dresses, one school melodeon, part values on a piano and organ, “two gross bronchial troches”, and an afghan. Among the receipts form New York were twenty pounds of black tea, a camp stool, a dozen razors, twenty bunches of rope, two boxes of tin, one baby tender, pocket companions, cologne bottles, one self-operating swing, a tent, one spring rocking horse, six cistern pumps, a box of artificial flowers, six boxes of “Green”, and two dozen bottles of “psychogogue”. A guitar, tow barrels of crackers, “one tidy, by a lady seventy years old”, one mineral grotto, and six very old coppers helped to make up the contribution from Wisconsin.218

             Soon after the Fair was organized the executive committee passed a resolution to prohibit the disposition of goods at the Fair by raffling or selling chances.219 Apparently the rule was not enforced, and as a result the president and managers were severely criticized. A religious newspaper published in Dubuque at the time, although chronicling the success of the Fair from a financial point of view, considered it a “moral failure”. Many ministers had worked and served as agents for the Fair with the understanding that the resolution against raffling would be enforced and they would not have backed the project under any other conditions. “In the face of all this,” declared the editor, “the President of the Fair had scarcely concluded his excellent and eloquent opening address, before the sale of lottery-tickets was begun, and during the whole of the seven days that the Fair continued, one could not spend five minutes in any portion of the vast building devoted to it, without being beset and besought by men, women and children, to ‘take a chance,’ ‘try your luck,’ buy a ticket,’ and so on ad nauseam, until his ears were fairly made to ring with the whole vocabulary of a regular lottery office.”220

             Numerous contests were arranged to increase the interest of those attending the Fair. An opera cloak was presented by Mrs. H. A. Wiltse to be donated to either Mrs. Grant, Mrs. Fremont, or Mrs. McClellan, as the people decided. Votes were sold at fifty cents and patrons were urged to vote “early and often.”221 A St. Louis firm donated a “magnificent regimental flag” to go to the regiment receiving the highest number of votes at the Fair. The votes sold at fifty cents each222 and on the last evening, as the time for closing the polls drew near the contest grew very exciting. The Fifth Iowa Cavalry was at first declared to be the winner, but a recount gave the flag to the Ninth Iowa Infantry by a single vote.223

             By the time the Fair closed the total receipts had almost reached ninety thousand dollars, and many goods still remained unsold. Such materials as could be converted into hospital clothing were turned over to the Soldiers’ Aid Society of Dubuque. Many other things were given to the sanitary fairs at Rockford and Warren, Illinois, and to similar enterprises at Marshalltown and Burlington, Iowa. When the final report was made by the managers a few articles still remained undisposed of, among which were “an embroidered chair, a gold watch, a hive of bees, two town lots and one hundred and twenty acres of farming land.”224

             The proceeds of the Fair had, upon its organization, been pledged to the United States Sanitary Commission,225 and besides the supplies forwarded to this Commission as a result of the Fair nearly $50,000 in cash was added to its funds. About $1500 of the proceeds of the Fair was spent by the management for vegetables; the sum of $250 was given to the Soldiers’ Home in Dubuque; and between $7000 and $8000 was spent in maintaining agents, in fitting up the buildings, in buying goods, and in defraying advertising and operating expenses.226

             Compared with the other sanitary fairs held throughout the country the Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair made a favorable showing. It was pointed out by the Dubuque Times that the contributions per inhabitant of Dubuque County averaged $2.88, which was higher than a similar average for any of the larger fairs. St. Louis was next to Dubuque with an average of $2.75, after which came Philadelphia County with $2.10 per inhabitant of the county; but all other communities fell below two dollars. In total receipts the Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair equaled the fair held in Chicago in October, 1863.227 While many of the larger fairs received large contributions, some running into many thousands of dollars, no cash subscriptions to the Dubuque Fair exceeded one hundred dollars. The success of the enterprise was due to the wide-spread support which it received and the small gifts from a great number of persons. In some townships and counties almost every man, woman, and child gave something.228 In commenting upon the Fair a bulletin of the United States Sanitary Commission made the following statement:

             If the value of services were measured by the extent of the sacrifice made in rendering them, it would probably be found that no State in the Union had done so much for the war as Iowa…. it is doubtful if there is on record any other so splendid example of the heroism, farsightedness, and self-abnegation with which freedom long enjoyed, can gift a whole community.229

            

Notes

 

179 Muscatine Weekly Journal, February 19, 1864.

180 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, March 4, 1864.

181 Senate Journal, 1864, p. 358.

182 Senate Journal, 1864, pp. 398, 402, 416, 437.

183 Muscatine Weekly Journal, March 4, 1864.

184 Muscatine Weekly Journal, March 11, 1864.

185 Report of the Iowa Sanitary Commission, 1866, pp. 33, 34.

186 Report of the Iowa Sanitary Commission, 1866, p. 34.

187 Report of the Iowa Sanitary Commission, 1866, p. 33; Third Annual Report of the United States Christian Commission, 1865, p. 24; Muscatine Weekly Journal, June 3, 1864. See above Chapter II.

188 Senate Journal, 1864, pp. 197, 206.

189 Report of the Iowa Sanitary Commission, 1866, p. 35.

190 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, April 28, 1865.

191 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, November 14, 1864, March 31, 1865.

192 Third Annual Report of the United States Christian Commission, 1865, p. x.

193 Third Annual Report of the United States Christian Commission, 1865, pp. 94, 95.

194 Report of the Iowa Sanitary Commission, 1866, pp. 35, 36.

195 Byers’s Iowa in War Times, p 456; Gue’s History of Iowa, Vol. II, p. 421.

196 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, January 15, 19, 1864; The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, p. 3. This pamphlet contains a list of donations to the Fair, the treasurer’s report, and a brief sketch of the Fair. It was published in Dubuque in 1864.

197 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, March 15, 18, 1864; The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, pp. 3, 4, 63.

198 The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, p. 4.

199 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, March 18, 1864.

200 The Sanitary Commission Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 19, 1864, pp. 577, 578; Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, April 29, 1864.

201 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, April 8, 1864.

202 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, May 6, 1864.

203 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, April 29, 1864; The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, p. 6.

204 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, April 26, 1864.

205 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, May 10, 1864.

206 The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, p. 8.

207 The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, pp. 5, 6; Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, June 21, 24, 1864.

208 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, June 21, 1864.

209 The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, p. 8.

210 The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, pp. 5, 6.

211 The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, pp. 8, 9; Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, June 28, 1864.

212 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, April 12, 1864.

213 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, May 17, 1864.

214 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, June 21, 1864.

215 Reed’s Our Historic Flag in the Algona Courier, December 13, 1917.

216 The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, pp. 10-37.

217 The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, pp. 10-37.

218 The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, pp. 38-44, 51, 52, 61, 62, 64.

219 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, March 15, 1864.

220 Iowa Religious News-Letter (Dubuque), 1864.

221 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, June 24, 1864.

222 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, June 21, 1864.

223 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, July 1, 1864.

224 The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, p. 6.

225 The Sanitary Commission Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 19, 1864, p. 578; The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, p. 23.

226 The Northern Iowa Sanitary Fair, p. 63; The Sanitary Commission Bulletin, No. 25, 1864, pp. 824, 825.

227 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, November 25, 1864.

228 Dubuque Semi-Weekly Times, November 25, 1864.

229 The Sanitary Commission Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 19, 1864, pp. 577, 578.

 

__________________________________________________

 

Back to Table of Contents

 

Home to Iowa History Project