HOLLANDERS OF IOWA

BY

JACOB VAN DER ZEE

Submitted by Gayle Harper

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Maasdam, Mr., 356

Maasdam, Jacob, 291, 391 

Maastroom (ship), 46

McCully, H. M., office held by, 224; reference to, 234

Machinery, purchase of, on credit, 162, 163

McKinley, William, attacks upon, 243, 359; attitude of Hollanders toward, 349, 350; reference to, 358, 361

Madison Township (Mahaska County), Hollanders in, 197

Magazines, lack of, 324

Mahaska County, 67, 232; Hollanders in, 104, 105, 192, 195, 197; center of Dutch population of, 196; Dutch official in, 233; parochial school in, 269; Dutch churches in, 297, 306

Maine, Dutch churches in, 29

Manhattan, 26

Manhattan Island, settlement of Dutch on, 16

Marion County, story of Dutch settlement in, 7 ; purchase of land in, 63, 64; conditions upon arrival of Dutch in, 67, 68; description of, in 1847, 70-72; establishment of, 71; population of, 71, 391; establishment of Dutch in, 73-81; agricultural character of Dutch colony in, 76; early years of Hollanders in, 82-85; passing of gold seekers through, 84; hopes and disappointments of Hollanders in, 86-93; agitation for railroads in, 91, 92; hopes for colony in, 96; accession to Hollanders in, 102-105; spread of Dutch settlement in, 104, 196, 197; number of Hollanders in, 105, 192; reference to, 117, 145, 153, 179, 195, 225, 228, 276, 329, 332, 358, 407; reasons for emigration from, 122-126, 198, 199; purchase of land in, by speculators, 141; first dwellings in, 142; decrease of Dutch population of, 196; center of Dutch population of, 196; political beginnings among Hollanders in, 208-218; township government given to Hollanders in, 212; desire for change of county seat of, 213; influence of Hollanders in politics of, 215; politics in, 219-234; vote on prohibitory law in, 220; vote for Pierce in, 220; Know-Nothing party in, 221; vote for Buchanan in, 226; Representative from, 233; Dutch officers of, 233, 234; first Dutch newspaper in, 238; American press in, 249; reasons for early lack of education in, 258, 259; attraction of wealth in, 272; high school graduates in, 274; early religious life in, 288-293; disappearance of hardwood timber in, 321; laying of tile in, 333; silos in, 335; mortgages in, 336

Markets, absence of convenient, 86; difficulty of communication with, 87; method of securing supplies from, 87, 88

Marne Free Press, 255

Marshalltown, 193

Mason, W. E., 356

Masons, 80

Maurice, Dutch church at, 186, 302; railroad to, 187; reference to, 191, 284, 354; population of, 203; mass meetings at, 358, 359; money raised for Boers at, 360

Mayors of Pella, 109, 224

Meat, price of, :343

Medical school, 280, 281 

Meerburg, G. F. Gezelle, 32 

Melbourne, 129, 130 

Melvin, church at, 419

Merchandise, hauling of, from Le Mars, 144

Merchants, desire of, for commercial gain, 15, 16

Merrill, Samuel, recommendation of, 120; message of, translated into Dutch language, 153

Methodist Church, 109, 418

Mexican War, land warrants to veterans of, 71

Mexico, 81

Michigan, Dutch churches in, 29, 295; Hollanders in, 29, 376; causes of immigration to, 30, 317; establishment of Dutch settlement in, 57, 382; reasons for choice of, 57; reasons for rejection of, by Scholte, 58-60, 96; beginning of Dutch immigration to, 94; comparison of Hollanders in Iowa and, 94, 95; advantages of, for settlement, 95; pamphlet describing Dutch colony in, 95; newcomers advised to go to, 98; official encouragement of immigration to, 99; township government given to Hollanders in, q9; reference to, 117, 150, 157, 158, 173, 204, 254, 287, 304, 305; committee from, in Sioux County, 158; Dutch emigrants from, 159, 161, 199; journey of Kuyper to, 159; Dutch newspaper published in, 247, 249; failure of educational program in, 268; establishment of colleges in, 281; language question in churches in, 296; experience of Bolks in, 298; anti-Masonic movement in, 207; emigration from, 399

Middelburg, Dutch church at, 186, 302, 306; reference to, 191, 201; interest in parochial school at, 269; money raised for Boers at, 360

Middelkoop, William, 151

Middle West, fore-runners of Dutch emigration to, 45

Midwout, 26

Mills, F. M., election of, 227

Millstone River, 27

Milwaukee, 57, 158, 251, 381; Hollanders in, 157, 158

Ministers, education of, 303, 307

Minnesota, Dutch churches in, 29; Hollanders in, 29, 376; reference to, 159, 204, 254, 354, 421; Dutch emigrants from, 161; devastation by locusts in, 171; discouragement of settlers in, 172; emigration to, 199, 204

Missions, contributions to, 312 Mississippi, emigration to, 204 Mississippi River, 52, 99, 339; journey up, 66, 340-342; Des Moines rapids in, 87; importance of, to early Iowa, 87, 88; Hollanders incounties along, 193

Mississippi Valley, Hollanders in, 29; conditions in, 45; route from East to, 52

Missouri, 115, 386

Missouri River, crossing of, by emigrants, 122

Mohawk River, 25

Money, lack of, 79; spending of, by Americans, 79, 80

Monroe, Hollanders near, 197

Monroe City, choice of, as site for capital, 92

Monroe County, Hollanders in, 197

Monroe Mirror, The, 255

Montana, Dutch churches in, 29

Moonlight Mission Band, 360

Mormons, emigration of, 84; reference to, 159; preparation of, for emergencies, 172; proposition of, to sell Nauvoo, 386

Mount Carmel, founding of, 195 

Muilenburg, Hubert, member of investigating committee, 127

Muilenburg, William C., newspaper edited by, 255

Mumm, E., 120

Municipal improvements, 326 

Muntingh, James, school maintained by, 259

Muscatine, Dutch church in, 193, 297; reference to, 230

Muscatine County, Hollanders in, 105, 192, 193

Music, interest of Hollanders in, 323

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Nagasaki (ship), 46

Napoleon, 31, 65, 287

Nassau Township (Sioux County), 148, 153, 240; Hollanders in, 180; reduction of size of, 185; population of, 186, 202 ; proportion of Hollanders in, 187; politics in, 241

Nauvoo, proposition of Mormons to sell, 386

Nebraska, Dutch churches in, 29; emigration to, 122, 123, 199: exodus from, 171; reference to, 354, 421

Nederlansche Bond, Der, 365

Negro suffrage, attitude of Hollanders toward, 226, 227

Netherlands, The, struggle between Spain and, 23; social conditions in, 30; economic conditions in, 37; decision of Scholte to leave, 39; number of emigrants from, 103; newspapers sent to, 150; efforts of Hospers in, to encourage emigration, 151, 152; delegate from, to Evangelical Alliance, 154: emigrants from, 161; lack of desire of Hollanders to return to, 205; newspaper agents in, 251; reference to, 307 (see also Holland)

Nevada (Iowa), 128

New Amstel, 26

New Amsterdam, character of early population of, 22; reference to, 26; school system in, 256; descriptions of people of, 369

New Brunswick Seminary, 303

New Castle (Delaware), 26

New England, causes of early immigration to, 17; reference to, 19, 21, 23; school system in, 262

Now Holland, proposed town of, 131; reference to, 146, 373

New Jersey, prosperity of Dutch in, 25; reference to, 26, 157, 159, 304, 305; Dutch churches in, 27, 29; emigration of Dutch to, 27; emigration from, 28; Hollanders in, 29, 376, 377

New Netherland, beginnings of, 15, 16; provision relative to peopling of, 16; reasons for slow growth of, 17-21; complaint relative to, 18; plan for direction of settlers to, 18; settlements in, 18; conditions in, under Governor Kieft, 19; instructions to settlers of, 20; petition from people of, 20, 21; beginning of agricultural settlements in, 21; defenceless condition of, 21; effect of capture of, by English, 21. 22; character of early population of, 22; capture of, by English, 25; inheritance from, 25; number of churches in, 26, 27; descendants of colonists of, 28; reference to, 373

New Orleans, arrival of Hollanders att, 45; reference to, 87, 88, 99, 123, 158, 342, 382; arrival of Barendregt at, 339; description of, 339, 340; distance to St. Louis from, 340; fare to St. Louis from, 340; travel by way of, 346

New Paltz (New York), 19

New Purchase, The, 70

New Sharon, Hollanders near, 197; reference to, 198

New York, character of early population of, 22; prosperity of, Dutch in, 25; Dutch churches in, 26, 27, 29; emigration of Dutch from, 27; predominance of Hollanders in, 27; Hollanders in, 29, 246, 376, 377; Scholte invited to preach in, 55; collections for Hollanders in Michigan taken in, 58; reference to, 115, 157, 159, 304; school system in, 262; descendants of original Dutch settlers of, 375

New York City, Scholte at, 48, 55, 58conditions in port at, 50; method of shipping merchandise from, 87, 88; reference to, 89, 98, 99, 158, 294, 315, 381, 382; immigration agents in, 117; Immigrant Commissioner at, 120; protection of immigrants in, 120; Evangelical Alliance at, 154; Hollanders in, 157, 158, 376; travel by way of, 346

New York land company, Iowa land owned by, 61

New York Tribune, 247

New Zealand, 373

Newkirk, former name of, 186: reference to, 190; population of, 202; Dutch church at, 302; meeting at, 361

Newspaper, founding of first at Pella, 150

Newspapers, advertisement of Dutch colony in, 154; influence of, 231, 232; sketch of Dutch, in Iowa, 245255; importance of, in America, 247; characteristic of Dutch, 254; service of, in perpetuating Dutch language, 255; lack of, 324

Newton, 128

Neyenescb, Herman, office held by, 224; newspaper edited by, 250, 251; service of, as teacher, 263, 267; reference to, 279

Niemeyer, Rev., 360

Nieuwsbode, De, 247

Nollen, Henry, 279

Nollen, Henry G., 415

Nollen, John, office held by, 224; reference to, 279, 353, 415

Nollen, John Scholte, 274

Norman stallions, 334

North America, 145

North Brabant, 382

North Dakota, Dutch churches in, 29; emigration to, 204; reference to, 254, 354, 421

North Holland, 327

North Marion (North Dakota), 204

North Orange, change of name of, 186; Dutch church at, 186, 302

North Sea, 45

North Yakima (Washington), 204

Northwest Passage, search for, 16

Northwestern Classical Academy, sketch of history of, 190, 280-286; reference to, 270, 273, 303

Northwestern Iowa, investigation of, 1.27-131; report on, 131; description of, 136, 137; evidence of Indians in, 138; Dutch emigration to, 140; locust ravages in, 160: destitution in, 164- relief for, 164-169; Hollanders in, 200, 201; spread of Dutch churches in, 298; education of ministers in, 303; Dutch churches in, 306

Norway, immigrants from, in Sioux County, 187, 189; reference to, 376

Norwegian language, 118

Norwegians, 203

Nossaman, Wellington, election of, as road supervisor, 214

Notaries public, 109, 153

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Oak Harbor (Washington), 204

Oats, 77, 170; production of, in Sioux County, 332

Obertop, Caesar, assistance to Hollanders by, 392

O'Brien County, available land in, 131; population of, 138; investigation of locust ravages in, 165-167; Hollanders in, 200, 201, 203, 204; reference to, 254, 399; Dutch churches in, 302, 306

Officers, first election of, by Hollanders, 214; treatment of Hollanders by, 55, 56, 60, 210

Offices, list of, held by Hollanders, 233, 234, 240, 242

Oggel, E. C., office held by, 242

Oggel, H. P., newspaper published by, 254

Oggel, P. J., newspaper edited by, 249, 250; reference to, 296

Ohio, Dutch colonists in, 28; Dutch churches in, 29; emigrants from, 65; reference to, 115, 159; school system in, 262; Hollanders in. 376

Ohio River, journey of Hollanders down, 52; reference to, 88, 382

Oklahoma, emigration to, 200

Orange, application of name, to townships, 396

Orange City, platting of, 140-149; naming of, 145; original plat of, 146; streets in, 146; first buildings in, 146, 147, 280; effect of railroad on development of. 147; county seat removed to, 148, 180, 287; number of Hollanders in, 148, 179, 201; importance of, 149; visit of Stuart to, 154; newspaper founded by Hospers at, 155, 156; citizen's club at, urged by Hospers, 156; reference to, 157, 166,' 182, 235, 236, 244, 270, 284, 298, 303, 354, 359, 395; advantages of, for settlement, 158; railroad connections of, 158, 187; efforts of Hospers to attract immigrants to, 159; progress of, 173 ; advice of editor at, 175; financial stringency at, 177; twenty-five years of growth in, 179-191; excursion from Pella to, 183-185; Dutch church at, 185, 306; proportion of Hollanders in, 187; description of, by Dutch visitor, 188; celebration of quarter centennial of, 189-191; sketch of history of, 190; safe carried to, 237; court-house at, 238, 243; newspaper removed to, 252; newspapers at, 252-254; parochial school at, 269; academy at, 273, 282; high school pupils in, 273, 274; students from, at University, 275; medical school at, 280, 281; description of church service at, 299-301; municipal improvements at, 326; expulsion of saloons from, 327; resolution of council of, relative to Boers, 356358; mass meetings at, 358, 359; money raised for Boers at, 360; price of land near, 398; school property at, 414; celery raising at, 420, 421

Orange Free State, appeal for aid for, 353; resolutions of councils relative to war in, 355-358; reference to, 374

Orange Free State Volksraad, 359

Orangemen, pride in name of, 145

Orange-Nassau, House of, 145

Orange Township (Clinton County), Hollanders in, 193

Orchards, scarcity of, 321

Oregon, emigration of Mormons to, 84; emigration of Dutch to, 123

Osceola County, 137, 138; investigation of locust ravages in, 165-167; Hollanders in, 200; churches in, 419

Oskaloosa, Hollanders in, 197; reference to, 198; Dutch church at, 306

Ostfriesland, church at, 420

Otley, Dutch church at, 297, 306; mass meetings at, 358, 359

Ottumwa, 89; railroad to, 113

Overflow lands, 198

Overisel (Michigan), 298

Overkamp, G. H., 46, 288

Overkamp, Isaac, 46, 47, 61, 223, 290, 412; office held by, 214, 224; service of, as teacher, 260, 261, 263, 267

Overseers of the poor, 214

Overysel (Holland), 327, 382

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Painters, 80

Palo Alto County, 128

Parker, Alton B., vote of Hollanders for, 241

Parkersburg, Hollanders in, 194; church at, 419, 420

Parochial schools, 266-270; religious exercises in, 270; graduates from, 270

Paterson (New Jersey), Hollanders in, 158; reference to, 187, 251

Patroons, effect of system of landholding by, 18

Pattersonville, change of name of, 186; church at, 186; railroad to, 187

Pedlers, 20

Pella, 9, 120, 158,- 173, 188, 197, 237, 269; laying out of, 73, 74; motto of inhabitants of, 74; dwellings in, 76; previous occupations of early settlers of, 80; description of conditions at, 81; arrival of large group of Hollanders at, 83; business life in, 83, 94, 114; passing of gold-seekers through, 84, 85; post-route to, 86, 87; road from Keokuk to, 8S; cost of freight from Keokuk to, 88; importance of Des Moines River improvement to, 89; plan of merchants of, 91; plan for plank road from Keokuk to, 91; advantageous situation of, 91; petitions for location of capital at, 92; early promotion of immigration to, 94-100; letters by Scholte describing, 96-99; arrival of new families at, 98, 101-105; price of lots at, 99; desirability of, as place for settlement, 102, 108; prosperity at, 106-114; Germans and French at, 1.06; location of Central University at, 106, 107; American business men at, 107; nationality of population of, 107; description of, 108-112, 320, 322, 326; difficulty with stock running at large in, 109; city officers of, 109; Dutch churches in, 109, 110, 417, 418; business houses in, 110; stage route through, ]L12; first locomotive in, 113-, rejoicing in, at completion of railroad, 113, 114; celebration of quarter centennial of, 114; accounts of, by Scholte, 3-16; reports from, by Sipma, 116; absence of need for advertising, 116, 117; value of advice of people of, 117; Governor's message printed in paper at, 118; reasons for emigration from, 122-126; increase in population of, 122; colonization fever in, 123; meetings at, to discuss colonization, 124, 125; departure of investigating committee from, 127; route of investigating committee from, 128; amount of land subscribed for by people of, 131: public meeting at, 131; return of committee to, 131, 134; apportionment of land to emigrants from, 134; visit of emigrants from, to Sioux County, 136; interest in emigration at, 140; effect of prosperity at, 141; emigration of pioneers of, 141; attitude of settlers of, toward King William, 145; importance of founding of daughter-colony of, 148, 149; career of Hospers at, 150, 151; resignation of Hospers as mayor of, 153; emigrants from, 161; relief supplies sent to Sioux County from, 164; excursion to Orange City from, 183-:185; proportion of Hollanders in, 196; Dutch settlements around, 197, :198; oath of allegiance taken at, 211, 212; influence of Scholte in politics in, 220; incorporation of, 223; petitions for removal of capital to, 223 ; opposition of Scholte to phase of charter of, 224; first town officers of, 224; response to call to arms in, 230; newspapers at, 231, 232, 245-252 ; politics in, 232; private school at, 259; first schoolhouse at, 260; school district organized at, 260; need for new school building at, 261, 262; beginnings of Baptist college at, 263 ; new school building at, 263, 264; election of school directors at, 265; parochial school at, 266-268, 270; school statistics in, 271; academy at, 273; high school at, 273; high school pupils in, 273, 274; history of Central University at, 276-279; early religious life at, 287-293; first Dutch church at, 288; first Sunday-school at, 291; history of churches at, 295-297; 305, 306; language question in churches at, 296; education of ministers at, 308; pew rents at, 312, 313; public library at, 324; municipal improvements at, 326; expulsion of saloons from, 327; description of Hollanders at, 329, 330; unsecured notes in banks of, 336; resolution of council of, relative to Boers, 355, 356; mass meetings at, 358; collection of money for Boers at, 360; meaning of name, 388

Pella (Nebraska), 199

Pella Blade, sketch of history of, 250

Pella Classis, membership of churches of, 297, 298; contributions of, to missions, 312

Pella Gazette, De, sketch of history of, 250, 251

Pella Gazette, The, editors of, 110, 220; founding of, 220; reference to, 226; sketch of history of, 245-249; reasons for suspension of, 248, 249

Pella National Bank, 422

Pella's 1llaandblad, 250

Pella's Nieuwsblad, 251; bulletins posted by, 353; attacks on McKinley by, 359

Pella's Weekblad, emigration movement promoted by, 124, 140; Sioux County colony advertised in, 150; reference to, 154, 362; sketch of history of, 249-252; agents for, 251

Pelmulder, Jelle, emigration plan promoted by, 123; member of investigating committee, 127; letters by, 127, 328; emigrant train led by, 140; office held by, 233, 237, 342; reference to, 240

Pennsylvania, Dutch churches in, 27, 28, 29; reference to, 115

Pennsylvania Canal and Portage Railway, 51

Pennsylvania Railroad, construction of, 51

Peoria (Iowa), parochial school at, 269

Percheron stallions, 334

Perkins, George D., efforts of, to attract immigrants, 187

Perkins, population of, 203

Peru Township (Dubuque County), Hollanders in, 103

Pew rents, 312, 313

Philadelphia, method of traveling to Pittsburgh from, 51

Philippine Islands, 243

Pierce, Franklin, 220

"Pieter Floris" (ship), 46

Pioneers, homesteads of, 70; advance of, across Iowa, 71; purchase of farms of, 83; importance of Mississippi River to, 87

Pittsburgh, method of traveling from Philadelphia to, 51; reference to, 52; Scholte at, 55

Plank-road, 91

Plato Township (Sioux County), population of, 203

Platte (South Dakota), 204

Plymouth County, Hollanders in, 105, 200, 201, 204; reference to, 129, 133, 137, 191, 254, 332, 399; population of, 138; investigation of locust ravages in, 165-167; Dutch church in, 102, 306; foreign-born farmers in, 422

Pocahontas County, 128

Poland, 376

Poland China hogs, 334

Politics, participation by Hollanders in, 208-244

Polk County, Hollanders in, 105, 195

Polk Township (Marion County), Hollanders in, 196

Poor-house, 110

Population, growth in, in Sioux County, 179-191; growth and spread of Dutch, in Iowa, 192-207

Port, M. J., committee guided by, 63 Portugal, 376

Postmaster, 109

Post-office, relocation of, 86

Post-routes, relocation of, 86, 87

Potatoes, 160

Pottawattamie County, Hollanders in, 105, 194; reference to, 332; foreign-born farmers in, 422

Poultry, raising of, in Sioux County, 333

Prairie, 133; description of, 136, 137; breaking of, 142, 143; promises to break, 147; transformation of, into fields, 160, 161; grass left on, 174, 175

Prairie City, Hollanders near, 197; Dutch church at, 306

Prairie Township (Mahaska County), Hollanders in, 197

Prairie View (Kansas), 199 

Preemptions, law relative to, 135; act for relief of settlers making, 171

Presbyterians, kindness of, to Hollanders, 56

President, election of, 215, 216 Press, sketch of Dutch, in Iowa, 245-255

Prince of Orange, 145

Privation, years of, at Pella, 82-85 Products (agricultural), 77; difficulty in securing transportation of, 87; prices for, 106

Prohibitory law, vote of Hollanders against, 220, 225

Promissory notes, signing of, by Hollanders, 163; attempts to evade payment of, 169

Prosecuting attorney, 242 Public library, 324

Puritans, 21, 277; character of, 24

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Racine (Wisconsin), 57

Railroads, lack of, 86, 138; agitation for, 91, 92; construction of, in Iowa, 113; encouragement of immigration by, 116; land grants to, 184; government land along line of, 134, 1.35; advance of, in northwestern Iowa, 139; advantages of Orange City in respect to, 158; coming of, to Sioux County, 187

Raritan River, 27

Reading Township (Sioux County), population of, 203

Reasnor, Hollanders near, 197; reference to, 297; Dutch church at, 306 

Reconcentrado camps, tales of suffering in, 361

Red Rock Township (Marion County), Hollanders in, 196

Relief for grasshopper sufferers, 164-169

Religious liberty, struggle of Dutch colonists for, 27

Religious life, early, among Hollanders, 287-293; description of present, among Hollanders, 310-316

Representative (State), defeat of Hospers as candidate for, 150, 151, 233; Van Leuven as, 233; Rietveld as, 234; election of Hospers as, 243, 244; election of Klay as, 244

Republican party, attitude of Hollanders toward, 2922; joining of, by Scholte, 227-229, 407; accessions to, caused by Scholte, 229; support of, by Hollanders, 237, 241

Republican State Convention, Scholte at, 227, 228, 229

Republicans, 220, 358; accusations against, 350

Reuvers, Mr., 356

Revolutionary War, 28

Rhine River, 15

Rhodes, Cecil, 349, 355, 425

Rhodes Scholarship, attitude of Hollanders toward acceptance of, 424, 425

Rhynsburger, C., 120

Richland Township (Mahaska County), Hollanders in, 197; vote for Roosevelt in, 232; parochial school in, 269

Rietveld, Herman, office held by, 234

Rietveld, J., 46, 47, 61

Rivers, land along, 343

Road supervisors, 214

Rochester (New York), Hollanders in, 157, 158; reference to, 187, 188

Rock River, difficulty with American settlers on, 144; purchase of land in valley of, 1159; reference to, 182

Rock Township (Sioux County), population of, 203

Rock Valley, Dutch church at, 186, 302, 306; reference to, 191, 270, 284; population of, 203; plan for parochial school at, 269; mass meetings at, 358, 359; money raised for Boers at, 360

Rocky Mountain locusts, 171

Roman Catholics, exclusion of, from emigrant associations, 43

Roosevelt, Theodore, vote of Hollanders for, 232, 241; attack upon, 243; alleged aid of English by, 361, 411; interview of Stead with, 424

Roseland (Minnesota), 204

Roselle Township (Carroll County), Hollanders in, 195

Rotterdam (Holland), departure of emigrants from, 45, 46; Hospers at, 151, 152; reference to, 151, 347, 348; departure of Van Raalte from, 382

Rotterdam (Kansas), 199

Route of Hollanders to Iowa, 51-53, 99, 346

Roxbury (Massachusettts), 251

Roziersz, J,. election of, as treasurer, 214

Rusch, Nicholas J., experiences of, as Immigrant Commissioner, 120

Russia, 352, 376

Rutgers College, 303

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Scandinavians, 336

Schaap, Jan, 343

Schaap, Peter R., office held by, 242

Schaefer, John, 404

Schenectady (New York), 19

Scholte, Henry Peter, 32, 46, 80, 83, 90, 92, 109, 150, 221, 265, 266, 279, 297, 302, 378, 382, 388; position of, among Seceders, 32; persecution suffered by, 33; need of emigration realized by, 35, 36; attitude of, toward United States, 39, 40; reasons of, for leaving Holland, 40, 41; emigration encouraged by, 42-44; periodical published by, 44; letter from Barendregt to, 45, 339, 348; arrival of, at Boston, 48; dangers to immigrants described by, 48-50; immigrants met by, 50; reception of, in America, 54-56; invitations to, to preach, 54, 55; attention of, called to Michigan, 58; reasons for rejection of Michigan by, 58-60; investigations by, 6063; description of purchase of land by, 63, 64; contract for building of cabins made by, 67; description of land purchased by, 70, 71; amount of land purchased by, 71; price paid for land by, 71; money advanced by, 71, 72; precautions taken by, 72; names given to streets by, 73, 74; saw-mill installed by, 76; description of conditions at Pella by, 81; post-office secured by, 86; town of Amsterdam laid out by, 89, 214; offer of, to donate land for capital, 92, 223; character of followers of, 94, 95; letters describing Pella written by, 96-99; discussion of immigration by, 102, 103; English garden of, 108; walnut grove of, 108; newspaper edited by, 110, 220, 245-249; pamphlets by, 116; Governor's message translated by, 118; political conditions in America discussed by, 209, 210, 212, 213, 215-218; plan of, to plat new town, 213; election of, as justice of peace, 214; election of, as school inspector, 214; election held at house of, 214; memorial to legislature drawn up by, 215; influence of, in politics, 220; opposition of, to Know-Nothings, 222; opposition of, to incorporation of Pella, 223, 224; political speeches by, 225, 226; Dutch news published by, 226; defeat of, for State Binder, 227; desertion of Democratic party by, 227-229, 407, 408; election of, as delegate to Chicago convention, 229; religious periodical published by, 250; complaint of, 258, 259; activities of, as school inspector, 259, 260; education of, 259, 260; interest of, in higher education, 276; land for college donated by, 276; efforts of, in behalf of Central University, 277; religious life at Pella described by, 288, 289, 290; preaching by, 290; breach between church and, 291, 292; church established by followers of, 292, 293; loss of influence of, 293; occupations of, 293; reason for refusal of, to join church, 294; pulpit formerly used by, 417

Scholte, Henry P., acknowledgments to, 9; reference to, 379, 390, 404, 422

School directors, election of, at Pella, 265

School inspector, 214, 259, 260

Schoolhouse, first, at Pella, 260; need for new, at Pella, 261, 262; building of new, at Pella, 263, 264

Schoolhouses, 173; number of, in Sioux County, 280; character of, 326

Schools, high standard of, in Holland, 256; pioneer, among Hollanders, 256-265; religious exercises in, 260; discussion of systems of, 262; discussion of method of supporting, 263, 264; new law for support of, 265; establishment of Christian, 266-270; lack of Christian education in public, 268, 269; public and high, 271-275

Scotland, 45, 376

Scott County, Hollanders in, 105, 193

Scott Township (Mahaska County), Hollanders in, 197

Sac and Fox Indians, reservation for half-breeds of, 61

St. Joseph (Missouri), Hospers at, 122

St. Louis, 45, 58, 61, 68, 81, 87, 88, 97, 99, 106, 158, 347; journey from Baltimore to, 48-53; arrival of Hollanders at, 52; experiences of Hollanders in, 52, 53; deaths of Hollanders at, 53; reception of Hollanders at, 56; return of committee to, 64; departure of Hollanders from, 65, 66, ].01; difficulty of communication with, 87; plan for shipping corn to, 91 ; distance from New Orleans to, 340; fare from New Orleans to, 340; arrival of Barendregt at, 342; description of, 342, 343; travel by way of, 346

St. Paul, 139, 158

St. Paul and Sioux City Railroad, land grant to, 134; completion of, to East Orange, 147; reference to, 180

Saloons, absence of, in Pella, 110; expulsion of, 327

Sanborn, Dutch church at, 203

Sandusky (Ohio), railroad to Cincinnati from, 99

Sarah Sand (steamboat), 46 Saw-mills, 76, 110

Seceders, leaders of, 32; reference to, 57; position of, in Holland, 287 (see also Separatists and Dissenters)

Secret societies, opposition to, 307, 308

Seed, appropriation for purchase of, 168, 169

Senator (State), Balkema as, 244; Hospers as, 244

Separation, Father of the, 32 Separatists, persecution of, 32-34; spread of beliefs of, 33; desire of, for freedom, 37; appeal of, to government, 38; emigration to America urged by, 39, 42; desire of, for means of education, 256-258; difference of opinion between Scholte and, 294 (see also Seceders and Dissenters)

Settlers, troubles of early, 17; plan for direction of, to America, 18; purchase of land from, 63, 64, 71; gratitude of Dutch to American, 107

Settlers Township (Sioux County), population of, 203

Shambaugh, Benj. F., editor's introduction by, 5, 6 ; acknowledgments to, 9

Shaw, Leslie M., 360

Sheboygan County (Wisconsin), 244

Sheldon, 166, 270; Hollanders in, 200, 203; parochial school at, 269, Dutch church at, 302 306,

Sheldon Mail, The, 255

Sheridan Township (Sioux County), population of, 202, 203

Sheriff, 237, 241, 242

Sherman Township (Sioux County), establishment of, 185; population of, 186, 203; proportion of Hollanders in, 187; politics in, 241

's Hertogenbosch (Holland), conference of Hospers at, 152

Shoemakers, 80

Shorthorn cattle, 334

Sibley, 166; Hollanders in, 200; Dutch church at, 419

Sijnhorst, Dk., election of, as road supervisor, 214

Silos, 335

Sioux Center, former name of, 186; proportion of Hollanders in, 18T, 202; railroad to, 189; reference to, 191, 270, 284; efforts of, to secure county seat, 243; parochial school at, 269; students from, at University, 275; Dutch church at, 301, 302, 306; destruction of church building at, 311; church buildings at, 312; municipal improvements at, 326; correspondence from, 354; mass meetings at, 358, 359; money raised for Boers at, 360; school property at, 414

Sioux Center Nieuwsblad, 242; editors of, 254

Sioux City, land office at, 129, 135; investigating committee at, 130, 131; journey of committee to, 132; reference to, 133, 134, 139, 158, 164, 165, 355; mass meetings at, 359

Sioux City and Northern Railway, 189

Sioux City and St. Paul Railroad, 173

Sioux City Journal, sensational statement by, 354

Sioux County, story of Dutch settlement in, 7 ; reference to, 9, 153, 170, 176, 200, 233, 254, 273, 284, 329, 332, 358, 359, 399; number of Hollanders in, 105, 192; available land in, 131; choice of, 132135; decision of committee to examine, 133; arrival of committee in, 133; selection of land in, 133, 134; apportionment of land in, 134; railroad land grant in, 134; glimpse of, in 1869, 136-139; visit of homesteaders to, 136; establishment of, 137; reasons for late settlement of, 137, 138; population of, 138, 154; bright prospects for, 139; preparations for journey to, 140; emigration from Pella to, 140; description of first dwellings in, 141-143, community life of Hollanders in, 143; difficulty of securing fuel in, 144; name of Prince of Orange perpetuated in, 145; plan for town in, 146; importance of founding of colony in, 148, 149; promotion of immigration to, by Hospers, 150159; position of Hospers in, 153, 154; experiences of Stuart in, 154; advertisement of lands in, 156, 157; inspection of, by committee from Michigan, 158; prediction of Hospers concerning, 158, 159; purchase of additional land in, 159; most memorable years in history of, 160; abundant harvests in, 160-162 ; request for aid for settlers of, 165; investigation of locust ravages in, 165-167; discouragement in, 172, 173, 175, 176; progress of Hollanders in, 173, 174; emigration from, 176, 177; good fortune of Hollanders in, 178; growth of Dutch colony in, 179-191, 201.; description of, by Keokuk editor, 180; transformation in appearance of, 180, 181; herd law adopted in, 182 Dutch wind-mill in, 182, 183 ; townships in, 185; population elements in, 186, 187, 189, 201-203; effect of locust ravages on reputation of, 186, 187; railroads in, 187; quarter centennial of settlement of Dutch in, 189-191; reason for founding colony in, 199; politics in, 235244; longest term of office; in, 235; support of Republican party by Dutch in, 237; suit against,' 237, 238; first Dutch newspaper in, 238; Representative from, 243, 244; newspapers in, 252-255; efforts to attract immigrants to, 253; attractions of wealth in, 272; high school graduates in, 274: students from, at University, 275; number of schoolhouses in, 280; interest in establishment of college in, 281, 282; service of Bolks to people of, 298, 301; Dutch churches in, 301-303; scarcity of orchards in, 321.-, softwood trees in, 321; foreign-born farmers in, 332, 421, 422; agricultural products in, 332,333; price of land in, 333; silos in, 335; Transvaal meeting in, 350; raising of money for Boers in, 360; emigration from Michigan to, 399

Sioux County Herald, The, 252, 255

Sioux Township (Sioux County), population of, 203

Sipma, Sjoerd Aukes, pamphlet by, :116; member of investigating committee, 127

Skating, 114

Skeptics, exclusion of, from emigrant associations, 43

Skunk River, 70, 196, 198, 297, 390; saw-mill on, 76, 110; schoolhouse near, 260

Slavery, attitude of Hollanders toward, 222, 223, 226

Smeenk, J., 47, 277.

Social life among Hollanders, 323

Sod houses, description of, 74, 75, 142, 143

South Africa, interest of Hollanders in events in, 349; resolutions of councils relative to war in, 355-358; reconcentrado camps in, 361; reference to, 374

South America, 145

South Carolina, Dutch churches in, 29

South Dakota, Dutch churches in, 29; emigration to, 199, 204; reference to, 254, 284, 354, 421; Hollanders in, 376

South Holland, emigrants from, 44; reference to, 327

Southerland Courier. 255

Southern States, secession of, 230

Spain, defeat of armies of, 15; peace with, 17; struggle between Holland and, 23; reference to, 376

Spanish, capture of ships of, 17

Speculation, taste for, acquired by Dutch, 163

Speculators, efforts of, to induce immigration to Michigan, 98; encouragement of immigration by, 116; greed of, in Marion County, 125; land near Cherokee purchased by, 132; reference to, 133; purchase of land in Marion County by, 141; land in hands of, 343

Spring Creek (Minnesota), 204

Springfield (Illinois), 251

Springfield (South Dakota), 204

Stage coaches, description of, 113

Stage route, description of, 112, 113

State Binder, 227

State Printer, 227

State Road, 88

State University of Iowa, Hollanders in attendance at, 274, 275

Staten Island, settlement of Dutch on, 16

States-General, Petitions of West India Company to, 17 ; plan of, to direct settlers to America, 18; complaint of, concerning colony, 18; appeal of colonists to, 19, 20, 21; reference to, 21; complaint of West India Company, to, 371

Stead, William T., interview of, with Roosevelt, 424

Steamboats, prosperity of traffic of, 52 ; reference to, 86, 87, 89; discussions of, 341, 342

Steyn, President, 356

Stock-breeder's Journal, The, 335

Store orders, use of, as money, 147

Stores, 110, 111; neatness of, 327; "Transvaal Days" at, 355

Storm Lake, 124; investigating committee at, 128

Story City, 128

Story County, 128

Stout, church at, 419

Stoutenberg, A., office held by, 224

Straw Town, 75

Streets, at Pella, 73, 74; at Orange City, 146

Stuart, Cohen, Dutch immigration to America favored by, 154, 155

Stubenrauch, John, service of, as teacher, 267; reference to, 353, 360

Stubenrauch, J. H., 353, 360

Stuyvesant, Peter, appeals of, for assistance, 21

Sullivan, J. B., vote of Hollanders for, 241

Sully, Hollanders near, 197; Dutch church at, 297, 306; mass meetings at, 358, 359

Summit Township (Marion County), community of Frieslanders in, 103; Hollanders in, 196; vote for Roosevelt in, 232

Sunday-schools, 291, 296, 307, 313, 314, 347

Supervisors, Board of (see Board of Supervisors)

Susquehanna River, 16, 51, 385

Sweden, immigrants from, in Sioux County, 189; reference to, 376

Swedish language, pamphlet translated into, 121

Switzerland, 376

Synod of Dordrecht, 31, 294, 295

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