The census was taken by Joseph E. Mitchell during the month of June, 1880.
Listed by heads of household followed by household members and relationship.
Population: 693
Fathers Mother's Birth Birth Birth Given Name Surname Sex Age Relationship Occupation Place Place Place Nathaniel Hildreth m 70 Head Farmer Vermont N. H. New Hampshire Debra Hildreth f 66 Wife Keeping house N. H. N. H. New Hampshire Albert Hildreth m 24 Son Farm laborer Canada Vermont New Hampshire Alfred Hildreth m 24 Son Farm laborer Canada Vermont New Hampshire August Schnider m 35 Head Farmer Austria Austria Austria Thresa Schnider f 75 Mother Keeping house Austria Austria Austria Albert Schnider m 80 Father Farm laborer Austria Austria Austria Thresa Schnider f 25 Sister At home Austria Austria Austria Joe Back m 7 Grandson At school Iowa Austria Austria Frank Koche m 25 Boarder Farm laborer Austria Austria Austria James Smith m 40 Head Farmer Y. S. Y. S. York State Mahala Smith f 40 Wife Keeping house Indiana Indiana Virginia Charles E. Smith m 18 Son Laborer Iowa Y. S. Virginia Clara Smith f 16 Daughter At home Iowa Y. S. Virginia Clarence Smith m 10 Son At school Iowa Y. S. Indiana Lattie H. Smith f 8 Daughter At school Iowa Y. S. Indiana Jessie Smith f 4 Daughter Iowa Y. S. Indiana Frank Parker m 50 Head Farmer Maine Maine Maine Jane Parker f 48 Wife Keeping house Ohio Penn. Pennslyvania Mervin Parker m 23 Son Farm laborer Wis. Maine Ohio Emma Servy f 9 Boarder At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia John Dediun m 35 Head Laborer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Cathrina Dediun f 29 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Mary Dediun f 4 Daughter Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Annie Dediun f 2 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Rosa Dediun f 1 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Mathas Wise m 76 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Rosa Wise f 54 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Frank Wise m 17 Son Laborer Ill. Bohemia Bohemia Rosa Wise f 16 Daughter At home Iowa Bohemia Bohemia E. Foster m 52 Head Mill worker Canada Mass. York State Elizabeth Foster f 43 Wife Keeping house Canada Y. S. Canada Louis Foster m 23 Son Farm laborer Canada Canada Canada Lettie Foster f 20 Daughter At home Iowa Canada Canada Wesley Foster m 18 Son At school Iowa Canada Canada Clara Foster f 15 Daughter At school Iowa Canada Canada Albert Foster m 9 Son At school Iowa Canada Canada Lottie Foster f 6 Daughter At school Iowa Canada Canada Claude Foster m 4 Son At school Iowa Canada Canada Maud Foster f 4 Daughter At school Iowa Canada Canada Daniel Foster m 1 Son Iowa Canada Canada Albert Foster m 30 Nephew Mill worker Canada Canada Canada H. C. Smith m 63 Head Farmer Y. S. Y. S. York State A. L. Smith f 62 Wife Keeping house Y. S. Y. S. York State Edwin L. Smith m 21 Son Farm laborer Wis. Y. S. York State C. A. Smith m 29 Head Farmer Wis. Y. S. York State Francis Smith f 27 Wife Keeping house Penn. Penn. Pennslyvania Zadie Smith f 2 Daughter Iowa Wis. Pennslyvania Frank Molsberry m 25 Head Farmer Mich. Ohio Ohio Allice Molsberry f 19 Wife Keeping house Wis. ??? Pennslyvania Mary Egleston f 16 Teaching school Y. S. Y. S. York State Mary Pittman f 79 Boarder Kentucky W. P. Molsberry m 38 Head Farmer Mich. Ohio Ohio Annie Molsberry f 36 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Mary Molsberry f 17 Daughter At home Iowa Mich. Bohemia Emma Molsberry f 16 Daughter At home Iowa Mich. Bohemia Minnie Molsberry f 13 Daughter At school Iowa Mich. Bohemia Justin Molsberry m 11 Son At school Iowa Mich. Bohemia Alberta Molsberry f 9 Daughter At school Iowa Mich. Bohemia Frank Molsberry m 5 Son At school Iowa Mich. Bohemia Bertie Molsberry f 3 Daughter Iowa Mich. Bohemia Portencet Molsberry f 1 Daughter Iowa Mich. Bohemia J. M. Molsberry m 58 Head Farmer Ohio Ohio Ohio Jane Molsberry f 52 Wife Keeping house Ohio ??? York State D. C. Molsberry m 27 Son Farm laborer Mich. Ohio Ohio Harrie Molsberry m 20 Son Farm laborer Iowa Ohio Ohio Fred Molsberry m 14 Son Farm laborer Iowa Ohio Ohio Charley Molsberry m 12 Son At school Iowa Ohio Ohio Ruben Wright m 29 Boarder Laborer Wis. Ohio Ohio Fannie Kircher f 20 Servant House keeper Wis. Ohio Ohio John Massey m 53 Head Farmer Vir. Ireland Ireland Clarace A. Massey f 54 Wife Keeping house Y. S. Y. S. York State Geo. F. Wright m 27 Stepson Ill. Ohio York State C. Redington f 81 Mother Boarder Y. S. Y. S. York State Anton Heider m 60 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Annie Heider f 50 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia M. Maholick m 63 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Annie Maholick f 51 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Henry Maholick m 12 Son At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Barbray Maholick f 14 Daughter At home Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Henry Cole m 38 Head Farmer Y. S. Y. S. York State Hanah Cole f 34 Wife Keeping house Ohio ??? Ohio Milton Cole m 18 Son Farm laborer Wis. Y. S. Ohio Ella Cole f 16 Daughter At home Wis. Y. S. Ohio Walter Cole m 4 Son Wis. Y. S. Ohio John Wyborny m 40 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Mary Wyborny f 40 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Jaroslav Wyborny m 12 Son At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Jennie Wyborny f 9 Daughter At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Ivan Wyborny m 7 Son At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Affry Wyborny f 5 Daughter At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Ida Wyborny f 3 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Mary Wyborny f 2 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Frank Wyborny m 34 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Kate Wyborny f 26 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Theodore Wyborny m 9 Son At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Emma Wyborny f 8 Daughter At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Rudolph Wyborny m 6 Son At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Annie Wyborny f 4 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Frank Wyborny m 3 Son Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Ed Wyborny m 7/12 Son Iowa Bohemia Bohemia R. Wyborny m 26 Head Farmer Wis. Bohemia Bohemia Joe Frioff m 40 Boarder Farm laborer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Barbara Frioff f 35 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Mary Frioff f 10 Daughter At school Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Barbra Frioff f 7 Daughter At school Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Watslof Frioff m 6/12 Son Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Albert Cobeen m 58 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Annie Cobeen f 61 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Peter Cobeen m 19 Son Farm laborer Wis. Bohemia Bohemia John Cobeen m 19 Son Farm laborer Wis. Bohemia Bohemia Katie Cobeen f 35 Daughter At home Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia James Smith m 52 Head Farmer Ireland Ireland Ireland Mary Ann Smith f 44 Wife Keeping house Mass. Ireland Ireland Bernard Smith m 15 Son At home Wis. Ireland Massachuetts James Smith m 12 Son At school Wis. Ireland Massachuetts Edward Smith m 10 Son At school Wis. Ireland Massachuetts Mary Smith f 8 Daughter At school Wis. Ireland Massachuetts Annie Smith f 6 Daughter At school Wis. Ireland Massachuetts Frankie Smith f 4 Daughter Wis. Ireland Massachuetts Georgie Smith m 1 Son Iowa Ireland Massachuetts Mariala Smith f 17 Daughter At home Wis. Ireland Massachuetts Wm. C. Moore m 45 Head Farmer Mich. Kt. Pennsylvania Octava Moore f 34 Wife Keeping house Wis. Y. S. York State Rinaldo Moore m 15 Son Farm laborer Iowa Ireland Wisconsin Leonard Moore m 12 Son Farm laborer Wis. Ireland Wisconsin Mertie Moore f 11 Daughter At school Wis. Ireland Wisconsin Frankie Moore m 2 Son Wis. Ireland Wisconsin Maud Moore f 1/12 Daughter Iowa Ireland Wisconsin Jennie Buel f 27 Sister Boarder Y. S. Ireland Wisconsin Abram Moore m 78 Father Boarder Penn. Ireland Wisconsin Geo. R. Russell m 34 Head Farmer Wis. England England Rosa L. Russell f 25 Wife Keeping house Wis. Y. S. Ohio Paul H. Russell m 6 Son At school Iowa Wis. Wisconsin Eva R. Russell f 4 Daughter Iowa Wis. Wisconsin Martha Russell f 74 Mother Boarder England England England Jacob Florian m 40 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Mary Florian f 35 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Annie Florian f 12 Daughter At school Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Mary Florian f 8 Daughter At school Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Katie Florian f 6 Daughter At school Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Elizabeth Florian f 4 Daughter Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Henry Florian m 2 Son Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Louisea Florian f 1 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Frank Maholick m 35 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Christie Maholick f 45 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Annie Maholick f 19 Daughter At home Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Jessie Maholick m 13 Son At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Nettie Maholick f 9 Daughter At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Albert Maholick m 6 Son Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Joseph Cobeen m 32 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Annie Cobeen f 30 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Annie Cobeen f 12 Daughter At school Wis. Bohemia Bohemia Mary Cobeen f 10 Daughter At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Barbra Cobeen f 7 Daughter At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Edward Cobeen m 2 Son Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Caroline Cobeen f 8/12 Iowa Bohemia Bohemia C. Schlosserbeck m 38 Boarder Farmer Germany ??? ??? Joseph Tatro m 68 Head Farmer Canada Canada Canada Mary A Tatro f 59 Wife Keeping house Mass. France Mass. William Tatro m 28 Son Farm laborer Wis. Canada Mass. Lottie Tatro f 20 Daughter At home Minn. Canada Mass. Harriet Tatro f 17 Daughter At home Minn. Canada Mass. Henry Owens m 18 Boarder Farm laborer Wis. Wis. York State Joe Hunchis m 42 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Katie Hunchis f 42 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Josephene Hunchis f 19 Daughter At home Iowa Bohemia Bohemia John Hunchis m 16 Son Farm laborer Iowa Bohemia Bohemia George Hunchis m 13 Son At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Emma Hunchis f 12 Daughter At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Frank Hunchis m 9 Son At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Pauline Hunchis f 4 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Lena Hunchis f 1 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Adolph Anders m 45 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Amelia Anders f 33 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Matilda Anders f 8 Daughter At school Iowa Prussia Prussia Alex McMillan m 56 Head Farmer Scot. Scot. Scotland Ellen McMillan f 45 Wife Keeping house Y. S. Y. S. York State James Heiney m 25 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Bertie Heiney f 18 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia John Heiney m 68 Father Farm laborer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Frank Heiney m 31 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Josephene Heiney f 25 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Lena Heiney f 9 Daughter At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Edward Heiney m 5 Son Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Allice Heiney f 3 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Leonel Heiney m 1 Son Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Mary Richlead f 23 Servant Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia H. Borchardt m 21 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Ferdinand Borchardt m 64 Father Farm laborer Prussia Prussia Prussia Carolina Borchardt f 67 Mother Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia William Borchardt m 24 Brother Farm laborer Prussia Prussia Prussia Mathias Fitzel m 47 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Kate Fitzel f 35 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Mathias Fitzel f 13 Sister At school Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Frank Fitzel m 8 Son At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Joe Fitzel m 11/12 Son Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Jacob Armstrong m 49 Head Farmer Y. S. Y. S. York State Harriet Armstrong f 38 Wife Keeping house Y. S. Y. S. York State John Armstrong m 19 Son Farm laborer Iowa Y. S. York State Jane Armstrong f 18 Daughter At home Iowa Y. S. York State Leonard Armstrong m 16 Son Farm laborer Iowa Y. S. York State William Armstrong m 14 Son Farm laborer Iowa Y. S. York State George Armstrong m 11 Son Farm laborer Iowa Y. S. York State James Armstrong m 8 Son At home Iowa Y. S. York State Charles Armstrong m 6 Son At home Iowa Y. S. York State Coleman Armstrong m 5 Son At home Iowa Y. S. York State Nettie Armstrong f 2 Daughter Iowa Y. S. York State Cordelia Armstrong f 3/12 Daughter Iowa Y. S. York State Richard Henderson m 23 Head Farmer Norway Norway Norway Elta Henderson f 20 Wife Keeping house Wis. Ill. Illinois Martin Hebner m 50 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Minnie Hebner f 45 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Emil Hebner m 18 Son Farm laborer Prussia Prussia Prussia Herman Hebner m 12 Son At school Wis. Prussia Prussia Bertie Hebner f 3 Daughter Iowa Prussia Prussia James Compton m 49 Head Farmer Y. S. Y. S. York State Rose Compton f 47 Wife Keeping house Y. S. Canada Canada George H. Compton m 14 Son At school Iowa Y. S. York State Albert Borchardt m 29 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany Barbra Borchardt f 23 Wife Keeping house Germany Germany Germany Henry Borchardt m 1 Son Iowa Germany Germany C. H. Thompson m 29 Head Farmer Wis. Maine Hanover Barbra Thompson f 26 Wife Keeping house Germany Germany Germany Charles A. Thompson m 9/12 Son Iowa Wis. Germany August Borchardt m 30 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Augusta Borchardt f 29 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Emma Borchardt f 4 Daughter Iowa Prussia Prussia William Borchardt m 3 Son Iowa Prussia Prussia Lina Borchardt f 1 Daughter Iowa Prussia Prussia Julius Schilling m 33 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Bertha Schilling f 31 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Threasea Schilling f 11 Daughter At school Wis. Prussia Prussia Albert Schilling m 9 Son At school Iowa Prussia Prussia Lizzie Schilling m 6 Daughter At school Iowa Prussia Prussia Charlott Fehmann f 35 Sister-in-law Boarder Prussia Prussia Prussia Albert Byington m 23 Head Farmer Ill. Ohio York State Mary Byington f 19 Wife Keeping house Canada N. B. England Jennie Heir f 8 Niece Boarder Iowa Minn. Canada Josephene Wyatt f 21 Teaching school Iowa England England Ruben Spotts m 50 Head Farmer Penn. Penn. Ireland John Charles Spotts m 20 Son Farm laborer Ill. Penn. Pennslyvania Benaval Spotts m 14 Son Farm laborer Penn. Penn. Pennslyvania Ruben Spotts m 10 Son At school Ill. Penn. Pennslyvania James Spotts m 7 Son At school Ill. Penn. Pennslyvania Lena Bent f 16 Servant House keeper Wis. England England John Erhardt m 43 Head Farmer Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria Margaret Erhardt f 22 Wife Keeping house Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria Carolina Erhardt f 1 Daughter Iowa Bavaria Bavaria Julius Erhardt m 4/12 Son Iowa Bavaria Bavaria Jacob Fitzel m 44 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Annie Fitzel f 32 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Charley Fitzel m 10 Son At home Wis. Bohemia Bohemia Katie Fitzel f 8 Daughter At school Wis. Bohemia Bohemia Joseph Fitzel m 6 Son At school Wis. Bohemia Bohemia Mary Fitzel f 4 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Jacob Fitzel m 1 Son Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Charles Schmidt m 40 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany Louisea Schmidt f 30 Wife Keeping house Wis. Germany Germany Alfred Schmidt m 7 Son At school Wis. Germany Wisconsin Edmund Schmidt m 6 Son At school Wis. Germany Wisconsin Mary Schmidt f 1 Daughter Iowa Germany Wisconsin Fred Schmidt m 1/12 Son Iowa Germany Wisconsin Gotfried Autru m 86 Father Boarder Germany Germany Germany Johanna Autru f 84 Mother Boarder Germany Germany Germany Thomas McCloud m 35 Head Farmer Canada Canada Canada Eliza McCloud f 31 Wife Keeping house Canada Canada Canada Mary McCloud f 10 Daughter At school Iowa Canada Canada Harrison McCloud m 7 Son At school Iowa Canada Canada Harriet McCloud f 7 Daughter At school Iowa Canada Canada Cora McCloud f 5 Daughter At school Iowa Canada Canada Clifton McCloud m 1 Son Iowa Canada Canada John Hovel m 34 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Margaret Hovel f 27 Wife Keeping house Wis. Germany Germany Annie Hovel f 3 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Wisconsin Frank Hovel m 1 Son Iowa Bohemia Wisconsin Amelia Hovel f 3/12 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Wisconsin J. H. Peshak m 35 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Antona Peshak f 25 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Laura Peshak f 7 Daughter At school Wis. Bohemia Bohemia Elmer Peshak m 4 Son At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia John Swelka m 35 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Charles Criner m 21 Brother Farm laborer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Joseph Madera m 30 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Mary Madera f 25 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Angeline Madera m 6 Daughter At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Edmun Madera m 4 Son Iowa Bohemia Bohemia P. C. Towne m 44 Head Farmer Y. S. Y. S. York State Harriet Towne f 43 Wife Keeping house Y. S. Vermont Vermont Ensign Towne m 18 Son Farm laborer Minn. Y. S. York State Amanda Towne f 17 Daughter At school Minn. Y. S. York State Charley Towne m 15 Son Farm laborer Minn. Y. S. York State Peter Towne m 13 Son Farm laborer Minn. Y. S. York State Viola Towne f 10 Daughter At school Minn. Y. S. York State Clara Towne f 8 Daughter At school Minn. Y. S. York State Clarance Towne m 7 Son At school Iowa Y. S. York State Ralph Towne m 5 Son At school Iowa Y. S. York State Willis Towne m 4 Son Iowa Y. S. York State Annie Towne f 2 Daughter Iowa Y. S. York State Henry Foreman m 35 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Barbra Foreman f 32 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Henry Lantz m 16 Boarder Farm laborer Wis. Bohemia Bohemia Mary A. Foreman f 3 Boarder Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Jacob Foreman m 67 Head Laborer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Annie Foreman f 57 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia S. J. White m 42 Head Farmer Vermont Vermont Vermont Mary White f 41 Wife Keeping house Y. S. Y. S. York State Angeline White f 24 Daughter Boarder Y. S. Vermont York State George White m 15 Son At school Minn. Vermont York State Arthur White m 10 Son Farm laborer Iowa Vermont York State Sarah E. White f 3 Daughter Iowa Vermont York State Philip Fisher m 76 Boarder Boarder Y. S. Y. S. York State William Allen m 1 Iowa Y. S. York State R. C. Struter m 32 Head Farmer Wis. Y. S. York State Viloa Struter f 24 Wife Keeping house Wis. Y. S. Canada Harriet Struter f 10/12 Daughter Iowa Wis. Wisconsin Sarah Smith f 27 Boarder Teaching school England England England J. G. Glassell m 29 Head Farmer Wis. Germany Germany Emma Glassell f 26 Wife Keeping house Wis. Germany Germany Emilie Glassell f 6 Daughter Wis. Wis. Wisconsin Clara Glassell f 4 Daughter Iowa Wis. Wisconsin Willie Glassell m 2 Son Iowa Wis. Wisconsin Theodore Glassell m 0 Son Iowa Wis. Wisconsin Louisea Haag f 23 Sister Boarder Wis. Germany Germany W. Arzberger m 51 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany Barbra Arzberger f 49 Wife Keeping house Germany Germany Germany Christof Arzberger m 24 Son Farm laborer Germany Germany Germany Christian Arzberger m 8 Son At school Wis. Germany Germany Lizzie Arzberger f 10 Daughter At school Wis. Germany Germany Theodore Peshak m 30 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Josephene Peshak f 25 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Gilbert Peshak m 5 Son Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Lillie Peshak f 2 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Emma Peshak f 1 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia F. R. Peshak m 41 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Josephene Peshak f 34 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Victor E. Peshak m 13 Son At school Wis. Bohemia Bohemia Delpha M. Peshak m 9 Son At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Alma J. Peshak f 5 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Emanuel Bartrel m 23 Boarder Farm laborer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Clara Bartrel f 15 Boarder House keeper Y. S. Bohemia Bohemia John Urbatsch m 32 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Maggie Urbatsch f 36 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Casper Urbatsch m 11 Son Wis. Prussia Prussia Kattie Urbatsch f 9 Daughter At school Wis. Prussia Prussia Chris Urbatsch m 4 Son Iowa Prussia Prussia Carrie Urbatsch f 3 Daughter Iowa Prussia Prussia Henry Urbatsch m 1 Son Iowa Prussia Prussia H. C. Glassel m 69 Head Farmer Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria Lenora Glassel f 67 Wife Keeping house Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria Adolphus Glassel m 27 Son Farm laborer Wis. Bavaria Bavaria Lena Glassel f 29 Daughter-in-law House keeper Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria Edwin Glassel m 5 Son Ill. Wis. Bavaria Sofia Glassel f 3 Daughter Iowa Wis. Bavaria John Prell m 41 Head Farmer Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria Mary Prell f 27 Wife Keeping house Austria Austria Austria Jane Prell f 3 Daughter Iowa Bavaria Austria Ira Prell m 2 Son Iowa Bavaria Austria Leon Prell m 4/12 Son Iowa Bavaria Austria Michael Glassel m 42 Head Farmer Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria Julia Glassel f 27 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Ferdinand Glassel m 6 Son Iowa Bavaria Prussia Auriel Glassel m 4 Son Iowa Bavaria Prussia John Drager m 37 Boarder Farm laborer Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria Annie Glassell f 16 Daughter House keeper Wis. Bavaria Prussia Gotleb Koehler m 31 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany Mary Koehler f 30 Wife Keeping house Wis. Germany Germany Gotlob Koehler m 5 Son Wis. Germany Wisconsin Elsie Koehler f 2 Daughter Iowa Germany Wisconsin Esther Koehler f 7/12 Daughter Iowa Germany Wisconsin David Weeks m 30 Head Farmer Vermont Y. S. York State Feba Weeks f 24 Wife Keeping house Y. S. Y. S. York State Charles Weeks m 4 Son Iowa Vermont York State Sarah Weeks f 2 Daughter Iowa Vermont York State John F. Graper m 28 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Minnie Graper f 28 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Emma Graper f 5 Daughter Wis. Prussia Prussia Mary Graper f 1 Daughter Wis. Prussia Prussia Henry Graper m 21 Brother Farm laborer Wis. Prussia Prussia Fredrick Helmer m 26 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany Louisea Helmer f 20 Wife Keeping house Wis. Germany Germany Frank Helmer m 36 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany Lizzie Helmer f 25 Wife Keeping house Germany Germany Germany Martin Helmer m 1 Son Iowa Germany Germany Charles Asberger m 56 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany William Trettin m 31 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Kattie Trettin f 23 Wife Keeping house Germany Germany Germany Henry Trettin m 3 Son Iowa Prussia Germany Willie Trettin m 1 Son Iowa Prussia Germany A. Grieshammer m 63 Father Boarder Bayern Bayern Bayern Annie Grieshammer f 63 Mother Boarder Bayern Bayern Bayern Fred Trettin m 30 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany Tilda Trettin f 19 Wife Keeping house Germany Germany Germany Albert Trettin m 27 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Reka Trettin f 26 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Geo. B. Duncan m 25 Head Farmer Wis. Scot. Scotland Ella Duncan f 20 Wife Keeping house Iowa Y. S. York State Maud Duncan f 1 Daughter Iowa Wis. Iowa W. D. Duncan m 25 Cousin Farmer Wis. Scot. Scotland John Martin m 22 Head Farmer Wis. Germany Germany Andrew Martin m 16 Brother Farm laborer Wis. Germany Germany Eva Martin f 59 Mother Boarder Germany Germany Germany Maggie Martin f 19 Sister Keeping house Wis. Germany Germany Edia Glassel f 8 Boarder At school Iowa Germany Germany H. H. Roby m 67 Father-in-law Farmer N. H. N. H. New Hampshire Sofiah Roby f 42 Keeping house Vermont Vermont Vermont Willie B. Roby m 10 Son-in-law At school Wis. Vermont Vermont Charlie L. Roby m 8 Son-in-law At school Wis. Vermont Vermont Roy N. Roby m 2 Son-in-law Iowa Vermont Vermont F. Spickerman m 51 Head Farmer Berlin Berlin Berlin Minnie Spickerman f 46 Wife Keeping house Berlin Berlin Berlin Edward Spickerman m 17 Son Farm laborer Berlin Berlin Berlin Albert Spickerman m 15 Son Farm laborer Berlin Berlin Berlin Charley Spickerman m 12 Son Farm laborer Wis. Berlin Berlin Eliza Spickerman f 10 Daughter At school Wis. Berlin Berlin Otto Spickerman m 7 Son At school Wis. Berlin Berlin Amos Spickerman m 3 Son Iowa Berlin Berlin John Duncan m 48 Head Farmer Scot. Scot. Scot. Anna Duncan f 25 Wife Keeping house Wis. Scot. York State Wallice J. Duncan m 5 Son Iowa Scot. Wisconsin Burton Duncan m 2 Son Iowa Scot. Wisconsin James Duncan m 28 Head Farmer Wis. Scot. York State Nettie Duncan f 20 Wife Keeping house Wis. Wis. Wisconsin Clifford Duncan m 3 Son Iowa Wis. Wisconsin Arthur Ledbetter m 19 Boarder Farm laborer Wis. Scot. Scotland Ellen Duncan f 15 Servant Iowa Scot. Scotland H. E. Sheka m 38 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Mary Sheka f 27 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia William Sheka m 8 Son At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Eddie Sheka m 6 Son At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Emma Sheka f 4 Daughter At school Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Mary Sheka f 3/12 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia J. S. Edgar m 38 Head Farmer Scot. Scot. Scotland Elizabeth Edgar f 33 Wife Keeping house England England England Ellen Edgar f 12 Daughter At school Wis. Scot. England Annie Edgar f 10 Daughter At school Iowa Scot. England Mary Edgar f 7 Daughter At school Iowa Scot. England John Edgar m 5 Son Iowa Scot. England Jennie Edgar f 3 Daughter Iowa Scot. England William Edgar m 1 Son Iowa Scot. England David Wolliscroff m 20 Brother-in-law Farm laborer Wis. England England Mary Wolliscroff f 23 Sister-in-law Boarder England England England Daniel Helmer m 65 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany Louisea Helmer f 54 Wife Keeping house Germany Germany Germany William Helmer m 23 Son Farm laborer Wis. Germany Germany Herman Helmer m 20 Son Farm laborer Wis. Germany Germany Birtha Helmer f 16 Daughter At home Wis. Germany Germany Milla Helmer f 19 Daughter At home Wis. Germany Germany Gotlieb Kruger m 56 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Caroline Kruger f 47 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Gustaf Kruger m 24 Son Farm laborer Prussia Prussia Prussia Fred Kruger m 20 Son Farm laborer Wis. Prussia Prussia Emma Kruger f 12 Daughter At school Wis. Prussia Prussia Minnie Kruger f 11 Daughter At school Wis. Prussia Prussia John Kruger m 7 Son At school Wis. Prussia Prussia Ernst Miller m 29 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Annie Miller f 25 Wife Keeping house Canada Byron Bryon Stephen F. Miller m 2 Son Iowa Prussia Canada Gustaf Miller m 22 Brother Boarder Prussia Prussia Prussia Frank Fockler m 22 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Francis Fockler f 21 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Louis Fockler m 2 Son Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Mary Fockler f 2/12 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Barbra Maholick f 14 Sister Boarder Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Herbert Ford m 26 Head Farmer Wis. Indiana Ohio Emma Ford f 25 Wife Keeping house Canada Canada Canada Essa Ford f 2 Daughter Iowa Wis. Canada T. M. Whitney m 36 Boarder Farmer Penn. R. I. Rhode Island E. W. Davey m 22 Boarder Farmer Wis. Penn. Pennsylvania E. L. Whitney m 34 Head Farmer Penn. R. I. Rhode Island Eva Whitney f 23 Wife Keeping house Wis. Ohio York State Hattie Whitney f 3 Daughter Iowa Penn. Wisconsin Laura Whitney f 1 Daughter Iowa Penn. Wisconsin Ezra Whitney m 2/12 Son Iowa Penn. Wisconsin Chester Smith m 33 Boarder Farmer Y. S. Y. S. York State John Schultz m 61 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Minnie Schultz f 51 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Charley Schultz m 24 Son Farm laborer Prussia Prussia Prussia John T. Schultz m 28 Boarder Farm laborer Prussia Prussia Prussia D. W. Christen m 50 Head Farmer England England England Sarah E. Christen f 35 Wife Keeping house Penn. Y. S. York State David Christen m 12 Son At school Iowa England Pennslyvania Alfred Christen m 11 Son At school Iowa England Pennslyvania Ollie Christen m 8 Son At school Iowa England Pennslyvania Bird Christen m 7 Son At school Iowa England Pennslyvania Lillie Christen f 5 Daughter Iowa England Pennslyvania William Christen m 2 Son Iowa England Pennslyvania John Cummings m 38 Head Farmer Y. S. Ireland Ireland Maria Cummings f 31 Wife Keeping house Maine Ireland Ireland Edward Cummings m 11 Son At school Wis. Y. S. Maine May A. Cummings f 9 Daughter At school Wis. Y. S. Maine James Cummings m 5 Son Wis. Y. S. Maine Allice M. Cummings f 0 Daughter Iowa Y. S. Maine W. B. Finley m 48 Head Farmer Penn. Penn. Pennslyvania Abbie J. Finley f 39 Wife Keeping house Penn. Penn. Pennslyvania Annie J. Finley f 21 Daughter Teaching school Minn. Penn. Pennslyvania Andrew E. Finley m 12 Son At school Minn. Penn. Pennslyvania Josephene Finley f 5 Daughter At school Minn. Penn. Pennslyvania Alston Robinson m 23 Boarder Farm laborer Vermont Vermont Vermont J. G. Rauber m 25 Head Farmer Wis. Beyrn Beyrn Kattie Rauber f 22 Wife Keeping house Wis. Beyrn Beyrn Amanda Rauber f 1 Daughter Wis. Wis. Wisconsin John Englett m 19 Boarder Farm laborer Ill. Beyrn Beyrn R. B. Olmstead m 31 Head Farmer Canada Canada Scotland Laura Olmstead f 28 Wife Keeping house Canada Y. S. New Hampshire Jacob Hacker m 22 Boarder Farm laborer Penn. Penn. Pennslyvania H. E. Barnard m 41 Head Farmer Y. S. Y. S. York State Mary Barnard f 36 Sister Keeping house Y. S. Y. S. York State R. A. Barnard m 31 Brother Farm laborer Y. S. Y. S. York State Graham Crawford m 23 Boarder Farm laborer Iowa Ohio Ohio G. E. Turner m 49 Head Farmer Y. S. Y. S. Vermont Mary Turner f 48 Wife Keeping house Norway Norway Norway Henry W. Turner m 23 Son Farm laborer Iowa Y. S. Norway Josephine Turner f 18 Daughter At home Iowa Y. S. Norway Benan Turner m 13 Son Farm laborer Iowa Y. S. Norway Henry Kubr m 43 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Kate Kubr f 36 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Henry Kubr m 12 Son Farm laborer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Mary Kubr f 10 Daughter At school Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Mike Kubr m 8 Son At school Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Thresa Kubr f 6 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia John Kubr m 4 Son Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Katie Kubr f 2 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Annie Kubr f 1/12 Daughter Iowa Bohemia Bohemia Joseph Kubr m 53 Head Farmer Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Mary Kubr f 40 Wife Keeping house Bohemia Bohemia Bohemia Christen Bliss m 29 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany Margaret Bliss f 28 Wife Keeping house Germany Germany Germany Tilla Bliss f 3 Daughter Iowa Germany Germany Emma Bliss f 2 Daughter Iowa Germany Germany Ida Bliss f 6/12 Daughter Iowa Germany Germany Frank Lepper m 23 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany Mary Lepper f 60 Mother Germany Germany Germany Carrie Berry f 23 Boarder Wis. Ireland Ireland Fred Berry m 1 Boarder Iowa Wis. Wisconsin C. W. Miller m 28 Head Farmer Penn. Penn. Pennslyvania Dora Miller f 19 Wife Keeping house Wis. Penn. Pennslyvania William Miller m 1/12 Son Iowa Penn. Wisconsin John Bliungberg m 32 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany Edward Bliungberg m 34 Brother Farm laborer Germany Germany Germany Edward Pahl m 22 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany Dora Pahl f 58 Mother Keeping house Germany Germany Germany Ludvig Strick m 51 Head Farmer Pommer Pommer Pommer Louisea Strick f 49 Wife Keeping house Pommer Pommer Pommer Frank Strick m 18 Son Farm laborer Pommer Pommer Pommer Amelia Strick f 15 Daughter At home Pommer Pommer Pommer John M. Schultz m 42 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Augusta Schultz f 33 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Henry Schultz m 13 Son At school Wis. Prussia Prussia John Schultz m 11 Son At school Wis. Prussia Prussia Willie Schultz m 9 Son At school Iowa Prussia Prussia Charley Schultz m 7 Son At school Iowa Prussia Prussia Herman Schultz m 5 Son At school Iowa Prussia Prussia Emma Schultz f 3 Daughter Iowa Prussia Prussia Freddie Schultz m 1 Son Iowa Prussia Prussia William Bublitz m 44 Head Farmer Pommer Pommer Pommer Holda Bublitz f 38 Wife Keeping house Pommer Pommer Pommer Herman Bublitz m 16 Son Farm laborer Pommer Pommer Pommer Augusta Bublitz f 13 Daughter At home Pommer Pommer Pommer Ludwig Bublitz m 11 Son At school Wis. Pommer Pommer William Bublitz m 5 Son Iowa Pommer Pommer Frank Bublitz m 2 Son Iowa Pommer Pommer William Brus m 30 Head Farmer Bramer Bramer Bramer Augusta Brus f 31 Wife Keeping house Bramer Bramer Bramer William Brus m 3 Son Iowa Bramer Bramer Christen Brus m 70 Father Boarder Bramer Bramer Bramer Johana Brus f 75 Mother Boarder Bramer Bramer Bramer Adolph Borchardt m 42 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Mary Borchardt f 33 Wife Keeping house Wis. Prussia Prussia Henry Borchardt m 7 Son At school Iowa Prussia Wisconsin Ernest Borchardt m 5 Son At school Iowa Prussia Wisconsin Annie Borchardt f 3 Daughter Iowa Prussia Wisconsin Herbert Borchardt m 6/12 Son Iowa Prussia Wisconsin William Bork m 35 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany Sofia Bork f 33 Wife Keeping house Germany Germany Germany Rosena Bork f 9 Daughter At school Iowa Germany Germany Emil Bork m 7 Son At school Iowa Germany Germany Ida Bork f 5 Daughter At school Iowa Germany Germany Willie Bork m 4 Son Iowa Germany Germany Emma Bork f 2 Daughter Iowa Germany Germany Charles Stange m 26 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany Alvena Stange f 26 Wife Keeping house Germany Germany Germany Rinehart Stange m 6 Son Germany Germany Germany Otto Stange m 7/12 Son Iowa Germany Germany August Gotschalk m 49 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Tena Gotschalk f 45 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Holda Gotschalk f 15 Daughter At home Wis. Prussia Prussia Martha Gotschalk f 11 Daughter At school Wis. Prussia Prussia Willie Gotschalk m 9 Son At school Iowa Prussia Prussia Minnie Gotschalk f 7 Daughter At school Iowa Prussia Prussia Mary Gotschalk f 6 Daughter At school Iowa Prussia Prussia Ida Gotschalk f 6/12 Daughter Iowa Prussia Prussia John Wohl m 39 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Augusta Wohl f 33 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Annie Wohl f 12 Daughter At home Wis. Germany Germany Fred Wohl m 11 Son At school Wis. Germany Germany Lena Wohl f 4 Daughter Iowa Germany Germany Herman Wohl m 1/12 Son Iowa Germany Germany Fredrick Schlesser m 61 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Henrietta Schlesser f 66 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Fred Lempka m 31 Head Herder Prussia Prussia Prussia Ferdinand Zarling m 26 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Maggie Zarling f 2 Daughter Iowa Prussia Prussia Louisea Zarling f 67 Mother Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Gustaf Papier m 30 Head Farmer Germany Germany Germany Tilda Papier f 23 Wife Keeping house Germany Germany Germany Bertha Papier f 4 Daughter Iowa Germany Germany Johanns Papier m 3 Son Iowa Germany Germany Annie Papier f 3/12 Daughter Iowa Germany Germany Fredrick Hoefer m 48 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Julia Hoefer f 37 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Minnie Hoefer f 17 Daughter At home Wis. Prussia Prussia Martha Hoefer f 14 Daughter At home Wis. Prussia Prussia Emma Hoefer f 12 Daughter At home Wis. Prussia Prussia Henry Hoefer m 10 Son At school Wis. Prussia Prussia Albert Hoefer m 8 Son Wis. Prussia Prussia William Hoefer m 6 Son Wis. Prussia Prussia Liddie Hoefer f 4 Daughter Iowa Prussia Prussia Elnora Hoefer f 3/12 Daughter Iowa Prussia Prussia Daniel Nack m 30 Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Emma Nack f 20 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Alvena Nack f 4 Daughter Iowa Prussia Prussia Henry Nack m 2 Son Iowa Prussia Prussia Annie Nack f 1 Daughter Iowa Prussia Prussia Henry Heinekey m 43 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Wilamena Heinekey f 40 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Bertha Heinekey f 13 Daughter At school Prussia Prussia Prussia Mary Heinekey f 11 Daughter At school Wis. Prussia Prussia Alvina Heinekey f 9 Daughter At school Wis. Prussia Prussia Annie Heinekey f 7 Daughter Wis. Prussia Prussia Auriel Heinekey m 1 Son Iowa Prussia Prussia Fred Heinekey m 67 Father Boarder Prussia Prussia Prussia Mary Heinekey f 69 Mother Boarder Prussia Prussia Prussia John Femling m 44 Head Farmer Meck. Meck. Mecklenberg Sofia Femling f 39 Wife Keeping house Meck. Meck. Mecklenberg Lizzie Femling f 21 Daughter Wis. Meck. Mecklenberg Flora Femling f 16 Daughter Wis. Meck. Mecklenberg Emma Femling f 14 Daughter Wis. Meck. Mecklenberg Fred Femling m 12 Son Wis. Meck. Mecklenberg Sofia Summers f 84 Mother-in-law Meck. Meck. Mecklenberg Charley Marks m 40 Head Farmer Pomer Pomer Pomer Hanah Marks f 32 Wife Keeping house Pomer Pomer Pomer Ernst Marks m 11 Son At school Pomer Pomer Pomer August Marks m 9 Son At school Pomer Pomer Pomer Emil Marks m 4 Son Iowa Pomer Pomer Mary Marks f 1 Daughter Iowa Pomer Pomer Charles Adnan m 38 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Rosa Adnan f 26 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Charles Adnan m 6 Son At school Iowa Prussia Prussia Ernest Adnan m 5 Son Iowa Prussia Prussia Hattie Adnan f 3 Daughter Iowa Prussia Prussia Willie Adnan m 1 Son Iowa Prussia Prussia J. M. Mosher m 36 Head Farmer Ohio Eliza Mosher f 26 Wife Keeping house Y. S. Y. S. York State Addie A. Mosher f 4 Daughter Iowa Ohio York State Burton Mosher m 1 Son Iowa Ohio York State John Peterson m 20 Boarder Farm laborer Germany Germany Germany James Allen m 60 Head Farmer Scot. Scot. Scotland Ellen Allen f 57 Wife Keeping house Scot. Scot. Scotland John Allen m 23 Son Farm laborer Wis. Scot. Scotland Walter Allen m 13 Son At school Iowa Scot. Scotland John F. Schultz m 29 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Kate Schultz f 25 Wife Keeping house Wis. Prussia Prussia Charley Schultz m 3 Son Iowa Prussia Wisconsin Henry Schultz m 3/12 Son Iowa Prussia Wisconsin Julius Kein m 46 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Louisia Kein f 47 Wife Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Minnie Kein f 17 Daughter At home Prussia Prussia Prussia Elvin Kein m 12 Son At school Iowa Prussia Prussia Ida Kein f 9 Daughter At school Iowa Prussia Prussia Daniel Bauman m 56 Head Farmer Prussia Prussia Prussia Herman Bauman m 32 Son Farm laborer Prussia Prussia Prussia Albert Bauman m 21 Son Farm laborer Prussia Prussia Prussia Gusta Bauman f 28 Daughter-in-law Keeping house Prussia Prussia Prussia Otto Bauman m 6 Son-in-law Iowa Prussia Prussia Oscar Bauman m 4 Son-in-law Iowa Prussia Prussia Stella Bauman f 2 Daughter-in-law Iowa Prussia Prussia Thomas Scanlan m 32 Head Farmer Ireland Ireland Ireland Timothy Scanlan m 32 Brother Farmer Ireland Ireland Ireland Mary Scanlan f 70 Mother Keeping house Ireland Ireland Ireland Michael Felt m 68 Head Farmer Pommer Pommer Pommer Carrie Felt f 60 Wife Keeping house Pommer Pommer Pommer Ferdinand Felt m 25 Son Farm laborer Pommer Pommer Pommer Albert Felt m 19 Son Farm laborer Pommer Pommer Pommer John Kief m 24 Head Farmer Wis. Ireland Ireland Daniel Kief m 27 Brother Farmer Wis. Ireland Ireland Annie Bauch f 60 Boarder Keeping house Germany Germany Germany E. Gardner m 61 Head Keeping house Conn. Conn. Connecticut Henry Gardner m 19 Son Farmer Iowa Conn. ConnecticutTranscribed by Gordon Felland on 7/3/2006 from photocopy of original census document (pages 476 thru 482).
Note: It was attempted to transcribe the names exactly as written on the original document, but the handwritting was often difficult to read.