Key to locations where
resources are held):
(CC)* Chamber of Commerce
Winnebago St., Decorah, IA 52101
(CCO)* Winneshiek County Clerk's Office
County Courthouse, 402 West Main St., Decorah, IA 52101
(CRO)* Winneshiek County Recorder's Office
County Courthouse, 402 West Main St., Decorah, IA 52101
(CVA)* Commission of Veterans Affairs
County Courthouse, 402 West Main St., Decorah, IA 52101
(DGA) Decorah Genealogy Association
Decorah Public Library (lower level)
202 Winnebago St., Decorah, IA 52101
(DPL) Decorah Public Library
202 Winnebago St., Decorah, IA 52101
(LC)* Luther College
Preus Library, Decorah, IA 52101
(SLC) Genealogical Library
Church of Christ of Latter-Day Saints
Salt Lake City, UT 84150
(materials may be available for loan through local LDS Family
History Centers)
(WHA) Winneshiek County Historical Association
* These locations are not able to do genealogical research.
Contact DGA or WHA for assistance with their resources.
General Information/Histories etc.:
Decorah, City of Springs by Eleanor and Gillmer Seegmiller
History of Winneshiek and Allamakee Counties, by W.E. Alexander.
1882. 738p. (SLC)
History of Winneshiek County, Iowa, by W.E. Alexander. 1882.
204p. (DGA, SLC)
History of Winneshiek Co. with Biographical Sketches of Its
Eminent Men, by Charles H. Sparks. 1877. 156p. (DGA, SLC)
Indian History of Winneshiek County, compiled by Charles Phillip
Hexom. 1913. 75p. (SLC)
Past and Present of Winneshiek County Iowa: A Record of
Settlement, Organization, Progress, and Achievement, by Edwin C.
Bailey. 1913. (in 2 vols.) (DGA, DPL, SLC)
A Self-Guiding Auto Tour of Winneshiek County, Iowa. 1987. 32p.
Those Early Years, by E.J. Weigle. (1 binder) (DGA)
1886 Census of Ex Soldiers, Sailors & Marines Living in Iowa
Winneshiek County, Iowa, Biographies-1996: A Genealogical Record,
compiled and published by the Decorah Genealogy Association.
1996. (DGA)
Winneshiek Co. history (1 binder) (DGA)
Newspapers:
see under Decorah Township and City of Decorah, newspapers
Census Records (typically on microfilm):
1850 7th U.S. Census. Lists all living in the household. 13p. (DGA,
LC, SLC)
1856 Iowa State Census. Census Returns of the Different Counties...1856.
Lists all living in the household; age; sex; whether married;
number of years person in residence in IA; state or country of
birth; occupation. (DGA, LC, SLC)
1860 8th U.S. Census. Lists all living in the household; Mortality
Schedule. (DGA, LC, SLC)
Large Collection of Individual Family Histories
1867 Iowa State Census. Census of Iowa...1867. (LC, SLC)
1869 Iowa State Census. Census of Iowa...1869. (LC, SLC)
1870 9th U.S. Census. Lists all living in the household; Mortality
Schedule. (DGA, LC, SLC)
1873 Iowa State Census. Census of Iowa...1873. (LC, SLC)
1875 Iowa State Census. Census of Iowa...1875. (LC, SLC)
1880 10th U.S. Census. Lists all living in the household; provides
place of birth of the parents; relationship to head of household;
Mortality Schedule; Soundex. (DGA, LC, SLC)
1885 Iowa State Census. Census of Iowa...1885. Lists all living in the
household; place of birth, county specified if born in IA;
Mortality Schedule. (DGA, LC, SLC)
1895 Iowa State Census. Census of Iowa...1895. Lists all living in the
household; place of birth, county specified if born in IA;
occupation; religion; may include Civil War service information.
(DGA, LC, SLC)
1900 12th U.S. Census. Lists address, names of all living in
household; race; sex; date of birth; age; marital status and
number of years married; place of birth; father and mother's
birthplace; citizenship; occupation; value of real estate and
personal property; Soundex. (DGA, LC, SLC)
1905 Iowa State Census. Census of Iowa...1905. (LC, SLC)
1910 13th U.S. Census. Lists names; relationships; place of birth;
occupation; citizenship; language spoken; education; and home
ownership. (LC, SLC)
1915 Iowa State Census. Census of Iowa...1915. (LC, SLC)
1920 14th U.S. Census. (LC, SLC)
1925 Iowa State Census. Census of Iowa...1925. (LC, SLC)
Vital Statistics, Births, Marriages, Deaths
Births index: begins 1880
Marriage Certificates Inventory (chronological index). (DGA, LC)
Marriage Returns and Certificates of Marriage (microfilm). (LC)
Probates index (microfiche). (CCO)
Probate records (microfiche). (CCO)
Cemetery Data:
Tombstone Records of Winneshiek County, from Graves Registration
W.P.A. Project. 193?. (DGA, DPL, SLC)
Church History Data:
Little Iowa Norsk-Evangelish Lutherske Menighed Ministerialbog
(baptisms 1851-1871; marriages 1852-1889; burials 1864- 1890).
(LC, SLC)
Stavanger N.E. Luthersk Menghed (Winneshiek and Fayette Counties,
Iowa), Ministerialbog (baptisms 1884-1911; marriages 1884- 1935;
burials 1884-1924; communicants; members and those who left;
minister's duties). (LC, SLC)
Geographical Records:
Andreas' Illustrated Atlas of the State of Iowa. 1875. (DGA)
Gazetteer and Directory of Winneshiek County. 1875. (DGA)
Plat Book of Winneshiek County, Iowa. 1874, 1886 (46p.), 1905
(DGA, SLC)
Standard Historical Atlas of Winneshiek County. 1905. (DGA)
Land Records:
"The Acquisition of Iowa Lands from the Indians," by C.
Aldrich, in Annals of Iowa. Jan. 1906. (DGA)
Winneshiek County Recorder's Office (Land Index to Deeds;
Affidavit Index 1906-1950; Assignment Records 1898-1909; Bond
Records 1900-1902; Deeds 1851-1965; Grantor; Lease Records
1898-1929; Miscellaneous Records 1896-1927, Index 1851-1945;
Mortgage Records 1851-1930; Quit Claim Deed Records 1899-1902,
1900-1950; Satisfaction Records 1898- 1905; Sheriff's Deed
Records 1883-1931; Index to Transfer Book 1927-1965; Transfer of
Lands 1869-1965. (SLC)
Homestead Book, vol. A (1858-1939) (SLC)
Winneshiek County Recorder's Office Original Entries (2 books,
handwritten, ca 1850-1861) (DGA, SLC)
Patent Records, no. 63, 1864-1936 (microfilm of records for
Winneshiek County, Sate of Iowa, Registrar of the State Land
Office (SLC)
Tax Deed Records, no. 84 (1898-1932) (SLC)
Town Lot Records (1852-1892; index 1852-1899) (SLC)
Winneshiek County Recorder's Office: Grantor-Grantee indexes;
Grantee-Grantor indexes; land transfer records and deeds (CRO)
Tax Records:
State of Iowa Tax List for Winneshiek County for 1852. (DGA)
Winneshiek County Assessors Office records 1936 (geographical
arrangement; includes names of parents of individuals assessed).
(DGA, SLC)
Winneshiek County Recorder Inventory (1 binder). (DGA)
Military Data:
Soldier's Discharge records, vol. 1-2 (World War I, 1917-1920),
WWII, Mexican and Civil Wars. (CRO, CVA, DGA, SLC)
Court Records:
Record of Everything and vol. B (1851-1868 approx.; includes some
naturalization and marriage records, misc. district court
proceedings) (DGA, SLC)
Winneshiek County Clerk of Court Collection Index: An
Alphabetical List of Selected Names, part 1. 1985. (LC, SLC)
"Old" court records (are in the process of being stored
and not available at this time; may become available ca 1998?)
Court records from 1850 - (CCO)
Special Collections, Vertical Files, and Card Files:
Family histories. (DGA)
Newspaper clippings, in vertical files (filed by subject). (DGA)
Obituaries card file and vertical file (filed by surname). (DGA)
Surname 3x5 card file. (DGA)
Marriage Card File. (DGA)
Reunions. (DGA)
Anniversaries. (DGA)
Aase Haugen Home Records. (DGA)
Historical Data:
And So They Came--to Bloomfield Township, compiled by the
Bloomfield Township Historical Association. 1980. 221p. (DGA,
DPL, SLC)
Bloomfield Township Family History Supplement (to: And So They
Came...). 1980. 94p. (DGA, DPL, SLC)
Castalia Town History. (DGA)
Community birthday calendar 1974. (DGA)
Castalia depots: Milwaukee and Rock Island. (DGA)
Ghosts Along the Yellow River, by Vives Bollman. (DGA)
History of Moneek [abandoned village]. (DGA)
Newspapers:
Castalia news items from old newspapers. (DGA)
Cemetery Data:
Bloomfield Cemetery Association. (DGA)
Bloomfield Cemetery Index. (DGA)
Castalia Universalist and Cemetery. (DGA)
Pleasant View Cemetery Index. (DGA)
Church History Data:
Castalia United Brethren Church [now Methodist Church]. (DGA)
The Churches of Bloomfield Township, by Vives Bollman. 1964.
(DGA)
Early Baptist and Methodist Churches. (DGA)
Zion Lutheran Church Records. (DGA)
Zion Lutheran Church 75th Anniversary. (DGA)
Land and Land Ownership Data:
Gazetteer. ca 1880. (DGA)
Original Surveyor's entry. 1849. (DGA)
Renters by sections through the years. (DGA)
Military Data:
Civil War Soldiers. (DGA)
World War I Soldiers. (DGA)
World War II, Korean War, Viet Nam War, Desert Storm. (DGA)
Record of Servicemen Buried in Bloomfield Cemeteries, by George
O. Bachelder.
Service Records of Veterans Buried in Pleasant View, Bloomfield,
and Oak Hill Cemeteries, by Elmer E. McMartin. (DGA)
Miscellaneous Data:
Country school records. (DGA)
Photographs:
Pictures of Moneek School area and Yellow River. (DGA)
Church History Data:
Some early Catholic Church Records. (DGA)
Photographs:
Pictures of Bluffton area. (DGA)
Historical Data:
Burr Oak news supplement 1976 of the old settlers picnic. (DGA)
Burr Oak Savings Bank (incorporated in 1910) (article). (DGA)
History of Burr Oak, by George Bent. (DGA)
History of Burr Oak School District. (DGA)
The Iowa Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder. (DGA)
Newspapers:
Newspaper clippings from old newspapers early 1900's. (DGA)
Cemetery Data:
Burr Oak Cemetery. (DGA)
Church History Data:
Burr Oak Methodist Church 125th Anniversary. (DGA)
Photographs:
Photos of the Laura Ingalls Wilder Days Parade. 1996. (DGA)
Pictures of Burr Oak area. (DGA)
Historical Data:
Cradled By The Gods (1850-1950). (DGA)
Calmar memories from 1920's. (DGA)
They Came To This Place: A History of Spillville, Iowa, and Its
Czech Settlers, by Cyril M. Klimesh. 1983 (2nd ed. 1992). 239p.
(DGA)
Quasquecentennial of Spillville (1860-1985). (DGA)
Spillville celebration 1979. (DGA)
Bily Brothers: Wood Carvers and Clock Makers, by Duane
Hutchinson. 1993. 128p. (DGA)
The Bily Clocks: With Illustrations..., by Blanche M. Beall.
1927. 23p. (DGA)
Newspapers:
Calmar Courier. 1888-1942. (1894-1905 and misc. issues at DGA)
Calmar Courier. 30 July 1996. (DGA)
Calmar High School newspaper (April, May 1933). (DGA)
Ridgeway Recorder. Jan.-March 1894. (LC)
Cemetery Data:
Cemetery Iron Crosses. (DGA)
Spillville St. Wenceslaus Catholic Church and Cemetery. 1989.
(DGA)
Church History Data:
Calmar Methodist Church 100th Anniversary 1881-1981. (DGA)
St. Aloysius Catholic Church 1996 Yearbook. (DGA)
Trinity Lutheran 50th anniversary 1994. (DGA)
Photographs:
Photos and clippings of the Calmar area. (DGA)
Pictures of 1909 tornado. (DGA)
Historical Data:
Col. J.E. Taylor (life story). (DGA)
My Early Days in Iowa, by Abby Benedict. (DGA)
Springwater (speech), by Evelyn Seegmiller. (DGA)
Newspapers:
Springwater newspaper clippings 1909. (DGA)
Cemetery Data: (Partial list)
Canoe German Methodist Church and Cemetery. (DGA)
Locust Lane Methodist Cemetery. (DGA)
Russel Cemetery (1850s-1993). (DGA)
Springwater Cemetery (1860s-1870s). (DGA)
Church History Data:
Hauge Lutheran Church of Canoe Township, Winneshiek County, Iowa:
Originally Ellings Synod, edited by Arnold O. Haugen. 1980. 80p.
(DGA, SLC)
Springwater Lutheran Church History (1854-1995). (DGA)
Springwater Lutheran Ladies Aid (1940s-1950s). (DGA)
Photographs:
Pictures and photos of Canoe Township (DGA)
Decorah Township and City of Decorah (the County seat)
Historical Data:
Aase Haugen Home (1 binder). (DGA)
Benedict Home: Lavina Benedict story. (DGA)
Deco Products Co. (1960- ). (1 binder). (DGA)
Decorah Dry Run. (DGA)
Decorah Genealogy scrapbook and photos. (DGA)
Decorah Travel Club Secretary books. (2 binders). (DGA)
Decorah Homecoming 1909. (1 binder). (DGA)
Decorah Public Library wrap book. (DGA)
Decorah State Bank. 1981. (DGA)
Decorah Hospital 1951-1970. (DGA)
Decorah High School Year Books from 19. -
Decorah people 1961-1962. (1 binder). (DGA)
Decorah Visitor's Guide, by Robert H. Davis. 1996. 106p. ($10
from CC) (DGA, WHA)
Luther College History 1865 - 1965
Early Decorah Scrapbook. (1 binder). (DGA)
Luther College Year Books 19. -
Echoes of the Past 1992-1996. (5 binders, past history). (DGA)
Good Morning Judge, by Bill Hart. (1 binder). (DGA)
Naturalization Records 1855-1929 (index 1854-1902). (DGA, SLC)
Numerous Binders of Early Newspaper Gossip Columns
Nordic Fest. (1 binder) (DGA)
Norwegian American Museum. (DGA)
Norwegian Royalty in Decorah. 1939. (DGA)
Picturesque Decorah for 50 year celebration (1 binder). (DGA)
Sinking of the Titanic story from newspaper. (DGA)
Voter List. 1994. (DGA)
Winneshiek Co. Caves. (1 binder). (DGA)
Newspapers:
(also clippings files at DGA) (see Bibliography of Iowa
Newspapers for details of dates of publication of newspaper
titles.)
Decorah Bee. 1876?-Jan. 1879.
Decorah Journal (microfilm). 1879- . (Title varies slightly
through the years.) (LC)
Decorah Public Opinion (microfilm). 1954- . (LC)
Decorah Republican (microfilm) (LC)
Decorah newspapers (May 1939-July 1968). (DGA)
Decorah Newspapers Centennial 1949 edition. (DGA)
Decorah Newspapers Index: An Alphabetical List of Indexed Names
According to Their Initial Three Letter Search Keys. (Note: This
is the result of a trial project, and only indexes years ending
in "zero" from 1860-1930, with a smattering of articles
included from non-zero ending years). (LC, SLC)
Decorah Newspaper Index: Obituaries. (DGA)
Progress Edition 1959. (DGA)
Newspaper clippings (misc. 1945-1965) (1 binder). (DGA)
Reminiscences (early Winneshiek Co.), newspaper clippings (1
binder). (DGA)
1925 historical edition of the newspaper...Decorah Journal? (1
binder). (DGA)
Newspaper ads from old newspapers (2 binders). (DGA)
Cemetery Data:
Aase Haugen Home Cemetery. (DGA)
Cemetery newspaper clippings. (DGA)
Decorah Lutheran Church 1961 (1 binder). (DGA)
Church History Data:
Freeport Cemetery book with short biographies of people buried
there. (DGA)
Photographs:
Decorah Township photos and pictures 2 binders. (DGA)
Historical Data:
Frankville Bank. (DGA)
Frankville clippings from newspapers. (DGA)
Growing Up In Frankville--1920 to 1927, by Grace Bracker. (DGA)
The Marriageable Youth of Frankville 1888. (DGA)
Cemetery Data:
Frankville Cemetery. (DGA)
Pagin Cemetery. (DGA)
Photographs:
Frankville Township photos. (DGA)
Cemetery Data:
Barnes Cemetery (1850s). (DGA)
Church History Data:
Freemont Lutheran Church. (DGA)
Photographs:
Freemont area photos. (DGA)
Pictures of Barnes and Eddy Cemeteries. (DGA)
Pictures of Kendallville. (DGA)
St. Kierans Cemetery pictures and records 1859. (DGA)
Cemetery Data:
Glenwood Cemetery. (DGA)
North Washington Prairie Cemetery (Pioneer Cemetery) 1890 - 1989.
(DGA)
Teslow Farm Cemetery (1860s-1880s). (DGA)
Church History Data:
Glenwood Lutheran Church History, by Hadeland. (DGA)
North Washington Lutheran Church Records (1890-1943). (DGA)
Photographs:
Glenwood area photos and pictures. (DGA)
Historical Data:
The Early History of Hesper, by Burr Griswold. (DGA)
Memories of The House in the Woods, by Burr Griswold. 1980. (DGA)
Newpapers: Newspaper clippings of Hesper. (DGA)
Cemetery Data:
Hesper Lutheran Cemetery. (DGA)
Hesper Public Cemetery (Quakers/Friends). (DGA)
Salveson Cemetery. (DGA)
Church History Data:
Hesper Lutheran Church History 1865-1965. (DGA)
Hesper Lutheran Church 1865 to 1985. (DGA)
Photographs:
Hesper Township area photos (recent). (DGA)
Historical Data:
Early Days of Highlandville, by Sylvia Akre. (DGA)
Cemetery Data:
Highland Lutheran Cemetery. (DGA)
Church History Data:
Highland Lutheran Church 1895-1945. (DGA)
Highland Lutheran Church 1895-1995. (DGA)
Photographs:
Highland area photos and newspaper clippings. (DGA)
Photographs:
Jackson Township Photos (recent). (DGA)
Historical Data:
Settling of Lincoln Township, by Elsie Sheets. (DGA)
Ridgeway Centennial 1867-1967. (DGA)
Lincoln Township: The Ridgeway Parish 125th Anniversary. (DGA)
Cemetery Data:
German Methodist Cemetery (Butz). (DGA)
Ridgeway Community Cemetery. (DGA)
St. John German Lutheran Cemetery. (DGA)
United Brethren or Evangelical Methodist Cemetery (Ladwig). (DGA)
United Lutheran Cemetery (Sanderson). (DGA)
Church History Data:
Madison and Lincoln Church Records 1893-1953. 1996. (DGA)
Photographs:
St. John Lutheran Old Stone Church pictures. (DGA)
Church History Data:
Madison church/cemetery records 1990. (DGA)
Madison church records: baptisms,confirmations,marriages, deaths
(1893-1953). (DGA)
Photographs:
Photos of area. (DGA)
Historical Data:
The History of Ossian and Military Township: A Chronological
Account of the First Hundred Years of This Town's Existence
Interspersed with Tales About It's People, by C.C. Cornell
The History of Ossian (from Ossian Bee newspaper) by C.C.
Cornell. (DGA)
Newspapers:
Ossian Bee. 1885- . Published under the title, Ossian Enterprise
1905-1909. Predecessor titles 1870-1885 include: Winneshiek
Representative; Ossian Enterprise; Ossian Independent; Herald;
and Beacon. (*not* held by DGA or LC. Possibly held at an Iowa
State library?).
Cemetery Data:
Hillside Cemetery, Ossian. (DGA)
St. Francis de Sales Cemetery and Church History 1892-1982. (DGA)
Stavanger Cemetery Records 1856-1890's. (DGA)
Church History Data:
St. Francis de Sales Catholic Church Directory. 1991. (DGA)
Land and Land Ownership Data:
Warranty Deed for Brooks Addition, Ossian. 1875. (DGA)
Photographs:
Military Township area pictures. (DGA)
Cemetery Data:
East of Bigalk Cemetery (now abandoned). (DGA)
Firkenstad Farm Cemetery (now abandoned). (DGA)
First Orleans Lutheran Cemetery. (DGA)
A History or short biographies of people buried in Orleans
Lutheran Cemetery. (DGA)
Orleans Lutheran Cemetery. (DGA)
Ryan Farm Cemetery (now abandoned). (DGA)
Land and Land Ownership Data:
Plat Book of Orleans Township. (DGA)
Photographs:
Orleans Township pictures (recent). (DGA)
Historical Data:
Bessarabian Knight: A Peasant Caught Between the Red Star and the
Swastica: Immanuel Weiss's True Story, by Immanuel Weiss. 1991.
(DGA)
Locust School. (DGA)
Cemetery Data:
Big Canoe Church and Cemetery, by Mrs. Paul Hasvold. 1978. (DGA)
Big Canoe Lutheran Cemetery, Winneshiek County, Iowa: Burial
Records From Pioneer Settlement Days to September 1990, by Arnold
O. Haugen. 1991. 104p. (DGA)
Canoe Ridge Cemetery Records. (DGA)
Locust Cemetery 1854-1993. (DGA)
Pleasant Township Methodist Church Cemetery. (DGA)
Church History Data:
Big Canoe Church History 70th and 100th Anniversary. (DGA)
Big Canoe Church History, by Wilbur Stoen. 1992. (DGA)
Big Canoe Lutheran 125th Anniversary. (DGA)
Big Canoe Lutheran Church Directory 1992. (DGA)
Iowa River Evangelical Lutheran Church Records: A Publication of
Data on Baptisms [1870-1938], Confirmations, Marriages
[1872-1937], and Burials [1872-1952]: Den Norske Evangelical
Lutheriske Iowa River Menighed, Allamakee and Winneshiek
Counties, Iowa, edited by Arnold O. Haugen. 1977. 46p. (DGA, SLC)
Locust Lutheran Church 70th anniversary. (DGA)
St. John's Lutheran Church 100th Anniversary. (DGA)
St. John's Lutheran Directory 1991. (DGA)
Waterloo Ridge Lutheran Church (may be Allamakee Co.?). (DGA)
Photographs:
Photos of Pleasant Township (recent). (DGA)
Historical Data:
The Diary of Elizabeth Koren, 1853-1855. (translated into
English). 1955. 381p. (DGA)
Nordness 4-H Club. (DGA)
Red Oak Parochial School, by Charlotte Jacobson. (DGA)
The Pioneer Norwegians; Springfield Township, Winneshiek County,
Iowa. 19??. 16p. (SLC)
Washington Prairie marriages (1852-1903). (DGA)
Newspapers:
Newspaper clippings 1913. (DGA)
Cemetery Data:
Washington Prairie Norwegian Lutheran Church and Cemetery. 1854.
1908. (DGA)
North Washington Prairie Cemetery (Bratbakken) (St. Petri). (DGA)
Washington Prairie Methodist Cemetery 1984. (DGA)
Church History Data:
North Washington Prairie Church Records. (DGA)
Norwegian Methodist Church (Washington Prairie): Church Records.
(Probationers records 1873-1902; Baptisms 1844-1907; Marriages
1861-1900; Membership Lists). (DGA. LC, SLC)
Photographs:
Photos (recent). (DGA)
Picture of first Washington Prairie Lutheran Church. (DGA)
Picture of Washington Prairie soil district. (DGA)
Springfield Congregation pictures and pastors 1913. (DGA)
Historical Data:
Bohemian Pioneers 1904. (DGA)
Cemetery Data:
Winneshiek County, Iowa, Sumner Township Cemeteries. 1988. [4],
20p., 1 map. (Contains: Bohemian National Cemetery; Haug
Cemetery; St. Clement's Cemetery. (DGA, SLC)
Photographs:
Photos (recent). (DGA)
Historical Data:
Child of the Sun, by Bennet (unpublished). (DGA)
The Fort Atkinson History. (DGA)
History of Fort Atkinson, Iowa, 1840-1995, compiled by Fort
Atkinson Historical Centennial Book Committee. 1995. 404p. (DGA)
Newspapers:
Fort Atkinson Times (1895-1995). (DGA)
Newspaper clippings (1875): Story of the Fort Atkinson. (DGA)
Newspaper clippings (early 1900s). (DGA)
Recent clippings about Fort Atkinson. (DGA)
Cemetery Data:
Methodist Church, Windsor Circuit (Fayette County, Iowa; Fort
Atkinson records included with probationers and classes.) (SLC)
St. James Lutheran at Fort Atkinson. (DGA)
Photographs:
photos (recent). (DGA)
-information on this page is courtesy of Gwenn R. Koenig and Stan Jeffers of the DGA