of
Muscatine County Iowa
1879
| History of Muscatine County Iowa 1879 | |
Source: History of Muscatine County Iowa, Historical Section, 1879, pages 323-334
GEOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC FEATURES. The following paper upon the physical geography, the geologic formation and the conchology of Muscatine County, and also the evidences of pre- historic man in this region, was prepared expressly for this History by Prof. F. M. Witter, member of the Academy of Science, and Superintendent of Public Schools of Muscatine.
DRAINAGE AND SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS. The Mississippi River forms the southern boundary of the county for about fourteen miles, beginning on the east, and the eastern boundary for about six miles, making almost a right angle at the city of Muscatine. The Cedar River enters the county, near the center on the north, and runs southwest, leaving the county two miles east of the southwest corner.
About two-thirds of the county is betweep these two rivers. The general drainage, therefore, is south and southwest. Pine Creek, Sweetland Creek, Geneva Creek, Mad Creek, Pappoose Creek, Lowe's Run, and several other small creeks, drain the south and east side of this region into the Mississippi. Sugar Creek and its chief branch, Mud Creek, Musquito and Little Musquito Creeks, with others unnamed, carry the water from northwest of the divide between the rivers, into the Cedar. The third of the county northwest of the Cedar is drained into that stream by the Wapsinonoc.
From the east along the Mississippi to Muscatine, the bluff is about one-fourth of a mile from the limit of high water, and rises rather abruptly, generally in steep ridges pointing toward the river, to the average height above high water of about one hundred and fifty feet.
Below Muscatine, the bluff continues nearly west, bending slightly to the south some four miles before it leaves the county, while the river runs almost south from Muscatine, forming a bottom in this county between the river and the bluff, about six miles square. The greater part of this tract is known as Muscatine Island, once correctly so-called, because Muscatine Slough branches from the river in the southwestern part of the city and runs generally in this county, within a mile of the bluff and reaches the river again some ten or twelve miles below our southern boundary. This slough is closed, now in the city by artificial works.
Some two or three miles back from the bluff of the Mississippi, the surface is moderately rolling. A considerable portion, indeed, of the divide, especially in the northern and eastern part, is quite level. The bluffs along the Cedar are not so high and bold as along the Mississippi.
The bottoms of the Cedar are from two to three miles wide from bluff to bluff. Muscatine Island and a large part of the bottoms along the Cedar, are scarcely above high water. The former is protected by a levee. But little land is covered by ponds, lakes or swamps.
Muscatine Slough is genera1ly about eighty feet wide and ten feet deep, supplied largely by springs. It expands near the southern border of the county into Keokuk Lake, a sheet of water some two miles long, one-half mile wide, and four to six feet deep. Some low land, along the Cedar, is being reclaimed by a system of ditching.
Soil.---The whole county, with the exception of the river bottoms and Muscatine Island, may be said to be covered with unconsolidated material of uncertain thickness, perhaps from fifty to one hundred feet, called Drift. It consists of clay, sand, gravel, and granitic bowlders. The gravel and bowlders do not come to the surface anywhere in any considerable quantity, and but a small region is injured by sand. This is along the east bluff of the Cedar, from the northern border a few miles into the county. The surface of all the higher portions is a rich black loam. The bottoms are river deposits, and in some instances, contain rather too much sand and gravel for the ordinary crops. Muscatine Island has become famous outside of Iowa for its sweet potatoes and watermelons. The light, sandy and gravelly soil so near the level of the river, makes it well suited for early vegetables, and the products named above.
The bluffs along the Mississippi are generally covered with timber, which extends up the little streams, and the valley of the Cedar is well supplied. Perhaps three-fourths of the county may be regarded as prairie.
Water.---Springs are quite common along the bluffs, especially on the Mississippi, and good wells are easily made almost anywhere. Muscatine Slough and Keokuk Lake, together with the Mississippi, afford an abundance of excellent fish, and the low grounds throughout the county are the resort in fall and spring of innumerable water-fowl.
Good opportunities offer for pisciculture, and experiments in this direction are now being made about four miles west of Muscatine, by Mr. John Miller.
Water-power is not very feasible. A good turbine is operated on Pine Creek, about one mile from the Mississippi, and a dam is thrown across the Cedar at Moscow. The Cedar is the chief, if not the only, stream that could afford any considerable water-power.
Along this stream, except at Moscow where there might be a vast power employed, the banks are generally low and insecure, and no good foundations for dams or mills are apparent.
Building Materials---Comparatively little of the native timber is now used for building or, with the exception of posts, for fencing. Pine, either as logs or lumber, is so easily brought from the north that it is cheaper than oak, elm, maple, cotton-wood, etc.
Brick of good quality can be made from the clays almost anywhere in the county. A deposit under the city of Muscatine, known as Loess, makes the best of beautiful red brick. Wood being abundant, brick are cheap.
Limestone is quarried at several points on Pine Creek, about six miles from the Mississippi; near Moscow, on the Cedar, and on Geneva Creek and vicinity, and sandstone at Wyoming Hills, on the Mississippi, about seven miles east of Muscatine; at Geneva Creek; Muscatine; two miles west of Muscatine along the bluff and three miles west on Lowe's Run. Rock from all these places make good foundations and some sandstones have been cut into sills, caps, keys, coping, etc.
Fuel.---From the eastern border along the Mississippi to Muscatine, with little interruption, there seems to be considerable coal. It is not generally of the best quality, and does not appear to reach back more than one or two miles from the river. The bed is on an average about twenty feet above high water, and is therefore very easy of access and cheap to work. The inexhaustible coal of Keokuk and Mahaska Counties near us on the west, and the timber in the county and on the islands in the Mississippi, afford an abundance of cheap fuel.
Ores and Ochres.---Iron in the form of an oxide with sand, an impure carbonate and a sulphide, may be found where our sandstones are exposed, but it is in such small quantities that it can be of no practical utility. A small amount of sulphide of zinc has been taken from near the coal in Muscatine. Fragments of sulphide of lead are occasionally found in the Drift. Some beds of red ochre exist near Muscatine, but no use has yet been made of it.
GEOLOGICAL HISTORY. Little or no disturbance has occurred in this county since the oldest rocks to be seen within its borders were laid down. For this reason the study of the order and history of the successive groups is comparatively simple.
The streams, with the exception of the Mississippi, Pine Creek, Mad Creek, Lowe's Run and the Cedar at Moscow, have not cut through the Drift which thickly covers almost the entire county. Along the Mississippi east of Pine Creek, between high and low water, a rock is exposed consisting apparently of clay, fine sand and limestone. It is of little or no economic value, somewhat fossiliferous, casts of Spirifer Capax, being the chief fossil. This argillaceous limestone, or a little more of the nature of sandstone with few or no fossils, is seen at the mouth of Pine Creek just above high water in the Mississippi. Passing up Pine Creek one mile, to the mill, a limestone appears in the bank of the creek, containing several species of fossils, among them good specimens of S. capax not casts, a species of Orthoceras, Favosites, etc.
About one mile still farther up is a bold bluff of sandstone, the base of which must be some thirty feet or more above the highest limestone at the mill. A talus covers everything near the creek, so that the junction between the sandstone above and limestone below, cannot be seen. This bluff rises vertically perhaps seventy-five feet, and bears on the top a number of fine old pines from which the creek takes its name.
Following the west branch of Pine Creek some three or four miles further, it cuts into the limestone twenty-five feet or more, and the sandstone is seen as a thin bed on top. Here the corals and brachiopods must have had a sort of metropolis. In half a day I found over twenty-five species of fossils in these limestones.
S. capax, Strophodonta, Atrypa reticularis and aspera, Athyris, Acervularia davidsoni, Favosites (hamiltonensis?) the same as found at the mill five miles below and at Moscow about ten miles northwest, a fine species of what is probably a Phillipsastrea, a fragment of a fish tooth, and many other fossils.
The Phillipsastrea grew in a layer, hardly two inches thick, spreading over the uneven surface, sometimes a foot or more in extent. It is exceedingly compact, presenting the color and appearance of ivory when polished. There are dark, radiating centers, about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and from three-fourths of an inch to an inch apart. The spaces between these centers are nearly white, and dimly show waving rays joining the rays in the dark centers. No boundary line can be traced between the calicles or corallets. It appears to me to be a new species. Passing about ten miles northwest, to Moscow, or some two miles beyond, where the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad has opened a quarry, many of the same fossils abound. I have taken, at this place, Acervularia davidsoni, Favosites----named above, Spirifer pennatus, Platyceras----a fragment of a large tooth of a fish, etc. This fragment is one and three-fourths inches long and seven-eights of an inch in diameter, being nearly cylindrical.
At the mouth of Pine creek, the limestone beneath the sandstone is hardly above high water in the Mississippi: at the mill, it is about ten feet above the creek; and near Melpine the sandstone has disappeared, or nearly so; and at Moscow probably lower beds of the limestone appear. The limestone at Moscow is not less than seventy-five feet higher than at the mouth of Pine creek, making no note of what is very probable, that the upper rocks, near Moscow are of a lower horizon than those at the mouth of Pine creek. This is the best, in fact, the only, section of rock-exposure across the county, nearly at right angles to the Mississippi.
From this, it appears that the surface of the limestone on which the sandstone, seen at short intervals along the entire Mississippi bluff in this county, rests, must dip toward the river. The sandstone, therefore, thins out and disappears three or four miles back from the river. The limestone, at Moscow and on Pine creek, is of the Hamilton group of the Devonian age. At the mouth of Geneva creek, three miles above Muscatine, between high and low water, a limestone is exposed, rich in Stromatopora, and containing Euompholus, Terebratula, Orthoceras expansum (?), Choetites, etc. This rock is an impure limestone, indicating a changeable state of the water--sometimes muddy, when much of the life was destroyed, and then it became clear, when the corals and other forms of marine life flourished. Here the sandstone is seen some eighty rods back in the bluff. It must rest on this impure, argillaceous limestone.
About one mile above Muscatine, in Burdett's slough, and a little below, just above low water, a very sandy rock of the limestone order is exposed. It contains casts of S. Capax and some corals. About two miles from the mouth of Mad creek this rock has been quarried. This is the last seen of limestones in this county. They appear to dip to the southwest a little more rapidly than the river and disappear. The surface of limestone along the river, was depressed at Wyoming Hills, as would appear from some bituminous shale nearly at low water, the remainder of the steep bluff rising about two hundred feet in two great steps of sandstone. This shale may be of the same horizon as the coal-beds--some three or four miles above the hills, and about the same distance below. This sinking must have occurred after the coal and before the sandstone was deposited, since the latter does not appear to have been disturbed.
The coal just below Pine creek and Geneva creek, is from twenty-five to thirty feet above high water; but the bituminous shale, at Wyoming, about midway between these two points, is scarcely above low water, and as no indication of coal is seen above the shale at this point, the coal-bed here must bend down some twenty-five or thirty feet. Throughout a part, at least, of the rock exposure along the Mississippi, the limestone is succeeded by a soft, non-fossiliferous, bluish shale, best seen at the foot of the bluff, in East Muscatine. At this place it is ten feet or more in thickness. It is probable the bed of coal just above rests on this shale. The coal which succeeds the shale is of fair quality and some twenty inches to two feet in thickness. This bed is now worked just below the mouth of Pine creek and just below the mouth of Geneva creek. Several years ago, large quantities were mined under the City of Muscatine, but these drifts are now abandoned.
West and southwest of Muscatine no coal has been found, nor at any point in this county more than a mile or two back from the Mississippi. This leads to the conclusion, that the coal of this county is a part of the great coalfields of Illinois, and that the bed thins out and disappears a mile or two from the river. It is certain, that whatever coal is found in this county must lie above the limestone, of the age of that quarried on Pine creek near Melpine. In the northwestern part of the city of Muscatine, about one and one-half miles from the river, near Pappoose creek, perhaps twenty-five feet above its bed, and on a gentle hillside, in leveling for a brickyard, a bed of coal was discovered.
This bed has, for a considerable distance, no roofing other than the Drift. The floor of the bed is very uneven, rising, in different directions, quite rapidly. The coal is believed to be of better quality than from the apparently lower beds along the river. Whether this is really a higher bed of coal, or whether some disturbance of the nature of a fault has occurred here, is not yet certain. This bed may extend back a mile or more; but from a study of the rocks exposed on Mad creek and Lowe's run, it must be a small field. Over the coal, with the exception of that last named, is some thirty-five to forty feet of sandstone. In some parts this is heavily bedded, nearly pure sand, hardens on exposure, and is a good stone above ground. In other parts it is argillaceous, laminated, and contains numerous globular or cylindrical concretions, not generally more than two inches in diameter, or ten inches long, of sulphide of iron. In the city of Muscatine, more than twenty years ago, some most remarkable cases of concretions were brought to view. They were spheres, from five to six feet in diameter, impregnated with iron sulphide, and laminated or stratified the same as the containing rock. A good figure of one of these is given on page 276, Part I, Volume I, of Hall's Geology of Iowa, and on page 100 of Owen's Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota. The cylindrical concretions generally commenced around what is thought to be a cone from some cone-bearing tree of that age. In this sandstone, which is exposed on Pine creek, about two miles above its mouth; at Wyoming Hills; near the mouth of Geneva creek; in the city of Muscatine; two miles west of the city, along the bluff; four miles north of Muscatine, on Mad creek, and three miles west, on Lowe's run, are two or three species of Lepidodendrons; at least three species of fossil ferns, two Pecopteris and one Neuropteris; one or two species of Calamites; probably two species of Sigillaria; an Asterophyllites, and several other species of fossil plants. There can be no doubt, that the coal and overlying sandstone belong to the Coal-Measure Period, but are not connected with the coal-fields along the Des Moines west and southwest. No rocks are known to exist in this county, above or newer than the sandstone just decribed.
Drift---It has already been stated that, with little exception, the surface of this county is covered with a deposit called Drift. This must rest on the sandstone as far as it extends, and then on the limestone next below. It is mainly to this Drift that we owe the wealth and continued prosperity of our people. It determines the character of the soil, and consequently the kind and quantity of products. Drifts consist of clay, sand, quartz and granitic pebbles and bowlders. We have seen that no rocks in beds are in sight in this county, except soft sandstones and but little harder limestones, and these are more or less filled with fossils. What, then, shall we say of those hard rocks, in some cases weighing tons, more or less globular, with no fossils, in and on this loose material which make our soil? A very slight inspection leads to the conclusion that they are strangers here, which have strayed from their homes. Many of these bowlders are flattened, and have scratches or grooves running across these flattened surfaces. Good specimens of such may be found a mile or two from Muscatine, up either branch of Mad creek. In probably every State in the latitude of Iowa, and north, where the Drift has been moved from a firm stratified rock beneath, scratches and grooves are seen in the rock similar to those on the bowlders. So far as is known, nothing of this kind has been seen in this county; but in other parts of Iowa they occur. Our sandstones would not retain such marks. If the Drift were removed from the limestones, I have no doubt such marks would be found. From the fact that, beneath the Drift, hard rocks in situ are often grooved, and bowlders in the Drift are likewise grooved, it is plain that the bowlder must have been pushed or dragged, under considerable weight, over the rock below. How far these bowlders have been moved is not always easy to determine; yet we know it must have been from the region where ledges of such rock as that of which the bowlder is composed exist at the surface. No such ledges exist in Iowa; in fact, none nearer than northern Wisconsin and Minnesota. That these bowlders came from the North is certain, from the fact that a degree or two south of us, no bowlders occur, except under special circumstances; but they extend north almost without limit. If we ask how this transportation has taken place, we can find no other agency capable of doing such work except ice. It must have been ice that pushed these bowlders over the country from Lake Superior to Muscatine. The ice must have covered the whole of Iowa and Illinois, Indiana and Ohio as far south as thirty-eight or thirty-nine degrees of north latitude, and at the same time, all the region north. There is reason to believe it was not floating ice, but rather of the nature of one great glacier, extending from the arctic regions over the whole of North America to the limit mentioned above. This mass of moving ice, earth and rocks was, most likely, several hundred feet thick. We can easily understand how not only the bowlders and the rocks over which they passed were grooved, but all the softer rocks were crushed to sand, clay or fine mud. By this means, no doubt, many of the upper layers have been entirely ground up and removed. The time in the history of the world when this took place has been called the Glacial Epoch. The unconsolidated material of our fertile hills and rolling prairies is the product of the glacier. In many instances, in digging wells in nearly all parts of the county, at from eight to fifty feet below the surface, limbs, and even trunks of trees, often in a good state of preservation have been found. Two instances in the city of Muscatine, one at Benjamin Hershey's creamery, one near the Summit, one in Wilton, two near Durant and three or four in the vicinity of Sweetland Centre, have come to my notice. I have seen a few instances of what appeared to be an old surface, black, rich-looking soil, from twenty to thirty feet below the present surface. One or two cases have occurred where the water in wells has had a very disagreeable odor, as if it came from some old swamp or other decaying material in the Drift. I have in my possession a limb, about an inch in diameter, cut through by a beaver. This limb, with several others, was taken from a well about fifteen feet deep, in the northern part of Sweetland Township. It seems most probable that, after glaciers had spread over this region, and driven away or destroyed all life, a milder climate ensued, during which time forests grew, a rich vegetable mold accumulated, and beavers flourished. The trees, so far as I have been able to ascertain, were pines, willow and magnolia. The climate must have been much as it is now. This was followed by a second period of cold, quite similar to the first in action and effect, burying the forests, in some instances, fifty feet deep. The river-channels that had been formed through the long ages from the Coal-Measure Period to the Glacial Epoch, during which time this region was above the sea, were filled with the crushed rocks along their shores and transported material from the north. When the last Glacier began to recede, our present hills were outlined, and the courses of our rivers and creeks determined. At the southern end of the Glacier, great floods of water were seeking the lowest line to the sea. The loose and very soft earth under and in the glacier may have been nearly level, but the waters would quickly find the lowest places, and thus ravines would begin, down which occasionally great masses of ice would float. In this way the slowly-retreating and sometimes advancing glacier aided in forming our main channels. The sculpturing of the landscape into its multitude of hills was left to the rains and snows.
Fossils in the Drift---Plant life has already been mentioned, but it should be stated that almost nothing has been done toward a full study of this subject. It will require much time and patience to bring the whole into its proper place. If gentlemen who are so fortunate as to bring to light some good specimen or fact would have the kindness to inform some person interested in such subjects, so that it could receive a careful examination and be made a matter of record before it is too late, real service would be rendered to science.
In general, it is said there are no fossils in the Drift, except such as may have been torn loose from the fossiliferous rocks over which the glaciers moved. This, I think, in the main, is true, and yet, if limbs of trees cut by some species of beaver, perhaps Castoroides ohioensis, described on page 423, Monograph of the Rodentia, United States Geological Survey of the Territories, F. V. Hayden, Geologist in Charge, are found deep in the Drift on what appears to have been a rich, loamy surface, the remains of the animal that did the cutting must be of the same age and in the same formation. I should expect to find the remains in this county of some large rodent, the species perhaps extinct, could the old forest-bed, to any considerable extent, be examined, and this, it seems to me, is in the Drift. One mile south of Wilton in the south bank of Mud creek, about eighty rods east of the crossing of the C., R. I. & P. R. R., a large part of the skeleton of a huge pachyderm was exhumed in the summer of 1874. These remains were about eighteen feet below the surface in a sort of sand and clay, perhaps a modified Drift or Lacustrine deposit. The country for some miles around is quite level. No teeth were found, and consequently the species and perhaps even the genus is not certain, but it is thought to be a Mastodon americanus. About fifteen years ago, at the brick-yard on Mulberry street in Muscatine, the tusk of an elephant or a mastodon was found. It was so much decayed that it could not be preserved. Some two or three years ago, there was found in a ravine in the western part of Muscatine a well-preserved tooth of a mastodon. The tooth is now in the possession of P. B. Speer, of Muscatine. It is six and three-fourth inches long and three and seven-eighths inches wide. There are five rows of double points on the upper surface, the longest being an inch and a half high. It has two roots. Near Wapello, on the Iowa river, about twenty miles southwest of Muscatine, fragments of bones of some large animal were found, also the tooth of an elephant. Mr. H. Lofland, of Muscatine, had the kindness to bring me an impression of the tooth on paper from which I collect the following facts: Length, 9.5 inches; greatest breadth, 3.5 inches; fifteen transverse, wave-like elevations on its grinding surface. It is certain that this county was the home of elephants and mastodons either during the warm period in the Glacial Epoch along with the beaver, or immediately at its close. The scarcity of the remains of these animals, it seems to me, strengthens the view that they became extinct here about the close of the Glacial Epoch. The burying of wood and the mastodon at Wilton are likely to have occurred about the same time and from the same cause.
Loess---After the hills of drift had become clothed with trees, vines and grasses about the same as now, and innumerable little land-mollusks found food, deep shade and hiding places beneath old logs and thick leaves, and the American reindeer, Rangifer caribou, was perhaps monarch of our forests, a formation known in the Mississippi valley as the Loess was deposited where Muscatine stands. It hardly covers more than three or four square miles coinciding closely with the limits of the city. I am not aware that it exists anywhere else in the county except on the top of Wyoming Hills. The Loess at Muscatine rests on Drift, a part of which is somewhat stratified and a part may be a sort of river deposit. Bowlders nearly two feet in diameter, coarse gravel, sand and clay may be seen under the Loess. This coarse material rises about sixty feet above high water, where its junction with the Loess occurs. The base has been pierced in several places in the city to the depth of forty-five to fifty feet, with little change of material except in two instances to find wood at the bottom. The Loess rises nearly to the top of the highest hills. Its greatest thickness must be close to one hundred feet. It resembles ashes in texture and color except a slight shade of yellow. It shows little or no stratification, contains no gravel or bowlders. It stands in vertical, exposed walls almost like good rock. The property is believed to be due to lime and very fine sand which on exposure to the air unite and harden. Scattered through the Loess in considerable numbers, apparently without regard to order or arrangement, are stony concretions of very irregular forms, tending strongly, however, to be globular; from a half-inch or less in diameter to two inches or more. These concretions, almost without exception, are very much cracked on the inside, the cracks extending from a wide opening near the center to a sharp edge close to the surface. They appear as if when first formed they were solid, then the outer surface hardened and became unyielding, and afterward the mass about the center contracted considerably and became too small to fill the space it formerly occupied. Because of these fractures, rarely visible at the surface, what appears to be as hard and firm as ordinary limestone, is reduced to many fragments by a gentle blow. An ordinary sample of the unconsolidated Loess when treated with cold muriatic acid lost 12 per cent of its weight. The material that would not dissolve appeared, under a lens of a power of over five hundred diameters, to be irregular grains of quartz sand. The concretions treated in the same manner lost 60 per cent in weight and no definite grains could be seen with the same power of lens. There is enough iron in the Loess to give to brick made from it a bright-red color. Vast numbers of land shells are most perfectly preserved in all parts of the Loess unless it be near the bottom. These mollusks must have flourished on the hills adjacent to the Loess Lake. At one point near the top, pond-shells abound. The following is a list of the shells found in the Loess:
Land---Helix striatella, Anthony; fulva, Drap.; pulchella, Mul.; lineata, Say; Pupa muscorum, Lin.; blandi, Morse; simplex, Gould; Succinea obliqua, Say; avara, Say; Water---Limnea (humilis?), Say; Helicina occulta, Say.
Not one of the fifty-four species of mollusks now inhabiting the rivers nor of the twenty-one species in the ponds of this county, is found in the Loess, and only five of the twenty-six species belonging to the land. H. striatella and S. avara, two species apparently almost extinct here now, are very abundant in the Loess. Between Iowa avenue and Chestnut, north of Fifth street, in grading lot 2, block 99, a bone was taken from the Loess about eighteen inches long, somewhat flattened and about two inches wide, covered from an eighth to a quarter of an inch in thickness with the same material as the concretions. This was near the bottom of the Loess. Between Linn and Pine, north of Sixth, on lot 4, block 124, about thirteen feet below the surface, in the Loess, nearly the entire skeleton of a ruminant was discovered. It was so completely decayed that little could be preserved except fragments of the jaws with the teeth, the whole covered the same as the bone mentioned above. Dr. Joseph Leidy, of Philadelphia, at first thought this was an undescribed species of extinct deer and proposed to call it Cervus muscatinensis but afterward he concluded that it was the American reindeer, Rangifer caribou.
Since no stratification is observed in the Loess, it could not have been disturbed by currents. It therefore must have accumulated in a lake which was subject to little or no change during Loess time. The bed of this lake at the close was almost at the top of the highest hills. The top of the bluff along the river in the southern part of the city is Loess. Either a barrier existed between this lake and the river, which has since been entirely swept away, or the river was more than one hundred and fifty feet higher along the bluffs than it is now. Supposing the water in the river to have been on a level with the water in the lake, the vast valley between the bluffs, from four to eight miles wide, must have been filled with material similar to that seen along the bluffs under the Loess. The Loess deposit must have extended some distance into this valley, for it could not have terminated as we see it in the river-bluffs. The great river may have been more of a swamp than a river, three or four miles wide. Since the Loess was deposited, the river has carried away the material from bluff to bluff, about one hundred and fifty feet deep. The hard Hamilton limestone, the top of which is seen about high water near Pine Creek, and low water a mile east of the city, dips below the river to the south and west. The soft blue shale, with its coal and overlying sandstone resting on this, offered but little resistance to the river when it was twenty or thirty feet higher than now, and consequently, the bluffs are generally remote from the river, where the latter is now confined by the limestone. The space between the present limit of the river and bluffs of sandstone is nearly level, and, no doubt, underlaid by the limestone over which the river once washed.
Muscatine Island owes its existence to the character of the rock in the Iowa bluff. Whether the basin in which the Drift, under the Loess, rests was excavated in the rocks before the Glacial Epoch, during that time, or since, certain it is, the rocks were removed at least to the limestone which is below low water, the excavation filled fifty to sixty feet deep with loose material, on top of which is the Loess, and since then the river has returned from near the tops of the highest hills to its present place. It is doubtful if this could have occurred without a change of level. It seems the land must have subsided till the highest points were but little above the river.
Some stream, probably the Cedar, reaching into Northwestern Iowa, carried the same kind of water into this Loess Lake that renders the Missouri and its upper tributaries so famous. Here the mud gradually settled, as it does now in the reservoir in St. Louis from the water of the Missouri. Patches of Loess are known to exist at Clinton, Iowa City and Des Moines, and from twenty to fifty miles of the western border of Iowa was in the great Loess Lake of Nebraska, Kansas and Missouri.
After the Loess was deposited, the final topographical features of the county began to appear. The river valleys and the picturesque bluffs are newer than the Loess. At no very distant day, the river, or a large branch of it, followed mainly the line of Muscatine Slough. The Sand Mound, the northern part of which is in the southeastern corner of the county, is, no doubt, a part of the debris of the sandstones crushed by the glaciers, washed away by the river, or both. The loose material in the river bottoms of the county is alluvium. It is constantly being changed along the rivers from side to side. Rivers have a sort of pendulum motion, and the banks yield where they strike.
The geology of the county may be summarized as follows, in regard to Ages and Groups:
Devorian Age, Hamilton Group, seen along the Mississippi from the eastern border nearly to the city of Muscatine, on Pine creek one mile above the mouth, and on the west branch of the same creek, about six miles from the mouth; also on Cedar, near Moscow.
Carboniferous Age, Coal Measure Group, seen along the Mississippi from the eastern border to a point about two miles west of the city of Muscatine, on Mad creek about four miles from its mouth, on Pappoose Creek about two miles from its mouth, and on Lowe's Run, three or four miles west of Muscatine.
Quaternary Age, Drift, covering all the county except the Loess, mentioned above, and the alluvium along the river bottoms.
LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS. The mollusks found in Muscatine county are many and the Professor describes each and every one by its Latin name. These are omitted, it being taken for granted that none but a scientist learned in the dead languages would be interested, or able to intelligently interpret one-fifth part of the paragraph. (If you want to read this very long paragraph, it is on pages 332-333).
The soft parts of the Unionidae afford an abundance of bait for fishermen. The thick, heavy shells are capable of being made into a great variety of useful and ornamental objects. All our shell-bearing mollusks give lime to the soil. Broken shells were used by the primitive men of this county in making their earthen vessels, and shells held an important place with this people as an article of adornment. There is no evidence that our river-mollusks were ever used here as an essential article of food. I suppose the chief obstacle in the way of cultivating for the table, especially the Anodonta grandis, so abundant in Keokuk Lake, is the changeable character of our waters. Whether a fine, fat young grandis could ever get the reputation of oysters from Saddle-Rock or Far-Rockaway is a question for the "coming man" to solve.
PREHISTORIC REMAINS. Along the bluffs of the Mississippi in this county, generally in the most commanding positions, are great numbers of tumuli, or artificial mounds of earth. These vary from slight elevations, scarcely perceptible, to mounds ten feet high and fifty to one hundred feet across at the base. No particular order among them has yet been observed, except they are in groups of from fifteen to twenty-five each, or even more. The mounds in a group are, usually, not more than from fifty to one hundred feet apart. One group of small mounds is on Section 14, Township 77 north, Range 3 west, of the Fifth Principal Meridian. This is on the east bluff of the Cedar and is the only group on this stream that has come to my notice in this county. With the exception of a few mounds on Section 22, Township 77 north, Range 1 east, all others, so far as I know, are on points of land on the Mississippi bluffs that would have been above the water in Loess time.
The exceptions referred to above are in a fine state of preservation, and stand on a bottom about eighty rods wide, a few feet above high water, and about forty rods from the Mississippi River. Comparatively little has been done to systematically explore the mounds of this county. Some earthen vessels, stone axes, arrow and spear points and plummet-like implements, made of hematite, have been taken from the mounds. Fragments of pottery, stone axes, etc., are frequently found along our ravines.
Whatever may have been the chief purpose of these mounds, it is certain some of their dead were buried in them. Human bones, generally almost like ashes, are common in the mounds. It is hardly possible that all the dead were put in mounds, as it is quite certain that many mounds contain each the remains of but two or three persons. When this ancient people flourished in this county, whence they came and whither they went, are questions over which the shadows of the past still hover. Some race or races of men lived among the borders of the great Missouri Lake in Loess time. Prof. Samuel Aughey, of Lincoln, Neb., has found arrow and spear points in the Loess near Omaha, Sioux City, etc., along with the remains of the elephant and mastodon; and Mr. F. F. Hilder, Secretary of the Archaeological Section of the St. Louis Academy of Science, in a recent letter to me says: "About a year ago, I had the good fortune to find an arrow-head of black chert, very rudely formed, in the undisturbed Loess of this city, about six feet below the surface."
Twenty-two miles, south of Muscatine, in and around the village of Toolsboro, in Louisa county, numerous mounds, larger than those of this county, have been carefully examined and finely-wrought earthen vessels and pipes, also copper axes, awls, beads and a sheet of that metal; marine shells, now living in the Gulf, shell beads, and, probably charred corn, have been exhumed. In the same vicinity, earthworks exist---in one instance, straight for over eighty rods, and, in another, circular, inclosing perhaps ten acres. These are nearly obliterated by cultivation. I call attention to these remains beyond this county only because that point appears to have been the center of strength and wealth for this region.
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